Question

how were the nobles loyal
to the empire?​

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Answer:

(i) The nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups. This ensured that no faction was large enough to challenge the authority of the state. The officer corps of the Mughals was described as a bouquet of flowers (guldasta) held together by loyalty to the emperor. In Akbar’s imperial service, Turani and Iranian nobles were present from the earliest phase to carving out a political domination. Many had accompanied Humayun, others migrated later to the Mughal court.

(ii) Two ruling groups of Indian origin entered the imperial service from 1560 onwards the Rajputs and the Indian Muslims (Shaikhzadas). The first to join was a Rajput chief, Raja Bharmal Kachhwaha of Amber, to whose daughter Akbar got married. Members of Hindu castes inclined towards education and accountancy were also promoted, a famous example being Akbar’s finance minister, Raja Todar Mal, who belonged to the Khatri caste.

II. Ways of Honour:

(i) In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent through the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the King summons them to court and gives them imperious commands, as though they were his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity.

(ii) Iranians gained high offices under Jahangir, whose politically influential queen, Nur Jahan (d. 1645), was an Iranian. Aurangzeb appointed Rajputs to high positions and under him the Marathas accounted for a sizeable number within the body of officers.

(iii) All holders of government offices held ranks (mansabs) comprising two numercial designations : jaat which was an indicator or position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official (mansabdar), and sawar which indicated the number of horsemen he was required to maintain in service. In the seventeenth century, mansabdars of 1,000 jaat or above ranked as nobles (umara, which is the plural of amir).

III. Functions and works of nobles : (i) The nobles participated in military campaign with their armies and also served as officers of the empire in the provinces. Each military commander recruited, equipped and trained the main striking arm of the Mughal army, the cavalry

(ii) The troopers maintained superior horses branded on the flank by the imperial mark (dagh). The emperor personally reviewed changes in rank, titles and official postings for all except the lowest-ranked officers.

(iii) Nobles stationed at the court (tainat-i rakab) were a reserve force to be deputed to a province or military campaign. They were dutybound to appear twice daily, morning and evening to express submission to the emperor in the public audience hall. They shared the responsibility for guarding the emperor and his household round the clock.