How Wildlife Conservation Projects promote Biodiversity, Education, and Conservation of Natural Habitat ?
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Answer:
Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting wild species and their habitats in order to prevent species from going extinct. Major threats to wildlife include habitat destruction/degradation/fragmentation, overexploitation, poaching, hunting, pollution and climate change.
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Objectives and advantages of biodiversity conservation :-
Conservation of biological diversity leads to conservation of essential ecological diversity to preserve the continuity of food chains.
The genetic diversity of plants and animals is preserved.
It ensures the sustainable utilisation of life support systems on earth.
It provides a vast knowledge of potential use to the scientific community.
A reservoir of wild animals and plants is preserved, thus enabling them to be introduced, if need be, in the surrounding areas.
Biological diversity provides immediate benefits to the society such as recreation and tourism.
Biodiversity conservation serves as an insurance policy for the future.
Types of conservation :-
Ex situ conservation :-
Conserving biodiversity outside the areas where they naturally occur is known as ex situ conservation. Here, animals and plants are reared or cultivated in areas like zoological or botanical parks.
Reintroduction of an animal or plant into the habitat from where it has become extinct is another form of ex situ conservation. For example, the Gangetic gharial has been reintroduced in the rivers of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan where it had become extinct.
Seedbanks, botanical, horticultural and recreational gardens are important centres for ex situ conservation.
In situ conservation
Conserving the animals and plants in their natural habitats is known as in situ conservation. This includes the establishment of
National parks and sanctuaries
Biosphere reserves
Nature reserves
Reserved and protected forests
Preservation plots
Reserved forests
Agrobiodiversity conservation
After the introduction of cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, sunflower, soyabean and so on, farmers became victims of monocultures in their greed for money. Therefore many of the indigenous varieties of crops were lost. Moreover, the hybrid varieties of fruits and vegetables (e.g. tomatoes), introduced for pulp are more susceptible to disease and pests. Though hybrid varieties are preferred, traditional wild varieties of the seeds should be conserved for future use in the event of an epidemic which would completely wipe out the hybrids.
Botanical gardens, agricultural departments, seed banks etc., alone should not be given the responsibility of agrobiodiversity conservation. Every farmer, gardener an cultivator should be aware of his role in preserving and conserving agrobiodiversity.
Convention of Biological Diversity
The aim of the convention is to save species and plants from extinction and their habitats from destruction.
The developed countries are looking for a sustainable supply of biological resources from the developing countries and easy access to them as well. The developing countries lacking the technology to exploit their resources are inviting the developed countries to do so. This has resulted in the developed nations channeling out the benefits of these natural resources. The developing countries are now demanding a higher share of the accrued economic benefits. The developed nations are also concerned by the unsustainable exploitation of natural wealth, particularly rainforests.
Key points from the Convention on Biological Diversity
The aim of the Convention on Biological Diversity is 'the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The convention stipulates that Parties must :
develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources;
establish protected areas, restore degraded ecosystems, control alien species, and establish ex-situ conservation facilities;
establish training and research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and support such programmes in developing countries;
promote public education and awareness of the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity;
recognize the right of governments to regulate access to their own genetic resources, and, wherever possible, grant other Parties access to genetic resources for environmentally sound uses;
encourage technology and biotechnology transfer particularly to developing countries;
establish an information exchange between the parties on all subjects relevant to biodiversity;