how William crook discover electrons and Goldstein discover protons
Answers
Answered by
1
Sir William Crookes OM PRS (/krʊks/; 17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry[1] in London, and worked on spectroscopy. He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube which was made in 1875. In 1913, Crookes invented 100% ultraviolet blocking sunglass lens. Crookes was the inventor of the Crookes radiometer,[2] which today is made and sold as a novelty item. Late in life, he became interested in spiritualism, and became the president of the Society for Psychical Research. is anyone on Instagram...
geniusmen:
what
Answered by
1
Um ...because he did! Well, E. Goldstein did. The Canal-Ray "Crookes tube" contains a perforated cathode in the center of the tube, and produces cathode-rays in one direction and visible 'canal rays' or a positive ion beam in the other direction; exiting from the back of the cathode.
On Wikipedia they call this the " tube."
Even in standard Crookes Tubes there's a positive beam. In the tube at moderate vacuum, the visible Cathode Ray beam is concealing a positive ion beam traveling in the opposite direction. The glow from electron-collision fluorescence is much brighter than the dim Anode Ray beam. Crookes' "Canal-ray tube" lets us see these two beams separately. Note that electrons have much higher mobility (much lower mass) than positive charge carriers composed of ions of nitrogen and oxygen. So, at the same power-supply voltage, the electron-current is much, much higher than the pos. ion current.
Interestingly enough, no Crookes tube can function unless the Anode Ray is present. Electrons cannot just leave the flat anode surface. The drive voltage is far, far too small to produce direct cathode output via field-emission. Instead, a glow-discharge develops where positive gas-ions fly one way, and electrons fly the other. At the cathode, gas ions slam into the solid surface, each collision releasing thousands of electrons from the metal. We can halt this process by pumping the tube way down below a millitorr pressure. First the visible glow dims out, and then down at the so-called "absolute vacuum" level of pressure, the current drops to zero. Without gas ions to release electrons from the cathode, your Crookes Tube cannot function.
Long ago you could buy a standard set of Crookes tubes, one of which had been pumped down to far sub-micron vacuum. When connected to high voltage, it does nothing, not even x-ray emission. So, it's "working" as designed. You paid good money for a Crookes tube which shows what happens when not even a slight amount of gas is present.
On Wikipedia they call this the " tube."
Even in standard Crookes Tubes there's a positive beam. In the tube at moderate vacuum, the visible Cathode Ray beam is concealing a positive ion beam traveling in the opposite direction. The glow from electron-collision fluorescence is much brighter than the dim Anode Ray beam. Crookes' "Canal-ray tube" lets us see these two beams separately. Note that electrons have much higher mobility (much lower mass) than positive charge carriers composed of ions of nitrogen and oxygen. So, at the same power-supply voltage, the electron-current is much, much higher than the pos. ion current.
Interestingly enough, no Crookes tube can function unless the Anode Ray is present. Electrons cannot just leave the flat anode surface. The drive voltage is far, far too small to produce direct cathode output via field-emission. Instead, a glow-discharge develops where positive gas-ions fly one way, and electrons fly the other. At the cathode, gas ions slam into the solid surface, each collision releasing thousands of electrons from the metal. We can halt this process by pumping the tube way down below a millitorr pressure. First the visible glow dims out, and then down at the so-called "absolute vacuum" level of pressure, the current drops to zero. Without gas ions to release electrons from the cathode, your Crookes Tube cannot function.
Long ago you could buy a standard set of Crookes tubes, one of which had been pumped down to far sub-micron vacuum. When connected to high voltage, it does nothing, not even x-ray emission. So, it's "working" as designed. You paid good money for a Crookes tube which shows what happens when not even a slight amount of gas is present.
Similar questions