How would respiratory rate alter in response to an increase in arterial PCO2?
Answers
Explanation:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas that comprises approximately 0.04% of Earth’s atmosphere. In the human body, carbon dioxide is formed from the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids, in a process known as cellular respiration. While cellular respiration is notable for being a source of ATP, it also generates the waste product, CO2. The body gets rid of excess CO2 by breathing it out. However, CO2 in its normal range from 38 to 42 mm Hg plays various roles in the human body. It regulates the pH of blood, stimulates breathing, and influences the affinity hemoglobin has for oxygen (O2). Fluctuations in CO2 levels are highly regulated and can cause disturbances in the human body if normal levels are not maintained.
Issues of Concern
CO2 retention is known as hypercapnia. Hypercapnia is usually due to hypoventilation or increased dead space in which the alveoli are ventilated but not perfused. In a state of hypercapnia or hypoventilation, there is an accumulation of CO2. The increased CO2 causes a drop in pH, leading to a state of respiratory acidosis. The chemoreceptor reflex is important in allowing the body to respond to changes in pO2, pCO2, and pH. Chemoreceptors can be categorized as peripheral or central. Peripheral chemoreceptors are positioned in the carotid and aortic bodies. Central chemoreceptors are located near the ventrolateral surfaces of the medulla. While peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in mostly O2 and CO2 and pH to a lesser degree, central chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in pCO2 and pH. The glomus cells in the carotid and aortic bodies detect states of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis. On the other hand, central chemoreceptors do not detect states of hypoxia. They detect a change in PCO2 very rapidly because CO2 diffuses through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the CSF easily. On the other hand, central chemoreceptors take longer to detect a change in arterial pH because H+ does not cross the BBB. When a state of hypercapnia is introduced, central chemoreceptor activity is increased. As a result, the sympathetic outflow to the vasculature is increased, and efforts are made to increase the respiratory rate.
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