how would this contrast with an experienced viewpoint/a Romantic view of The Industrial Revolution? What might Blake think about the changes in Britain?
Answers
Explanation:
An Industrial Revolution is an historical process in which scientific and
technological knowledge is systematically harnessed to production. It is a
process which increases the productivity of the society in which it occurs to
degrees unprecedented in its history. Once adopted it is extended infinitely,
ushering in an age in which continuous, if uneven, revolutionisation of
productive techniques is the norm. The first Industrial Revolution occurred in
Britain in the 1780’s; as for any historical phenomenon an interpretation of its
genesis must elucidate a unique constellation of factors which made it possible.’
The precondition for the Industrial Revolution was a well-developed capitalist
economic system-that is, by 1770 a pre-industrial capitalist economy was far
enough evolved to consider Britain a capitalist socio-economic formation. A
manufacturing class of entrepreneurs was free to deploy capital, set up factories
and use technological innovations in whatever ways might maximise profits from
production. At the same time a state apparatus existed which represented the
interests, and was motivated by the economic principles of, the manufacturing
and commercial classes. This state, with a strong Navy, was committed to foreign
policies orientated towards securing raw materials and potential markets. At the
same time, the increase in population in eighteenth century Britain, and a slight
rise in the average standard of living, supplied a minimal domestic market for the
first mass-produced goods. Other necessary conditions for the first Industrial
Revolution may have included the small size of Britain: in an age when the
transportation of goods twenty miles overland could double their cost, there
could be little chance of a first Industrial Revolution in a land-locked area.
But the overriding point is that the mode of production in Britain was
capitalist: the Industrial Revolution occurred as a logical process, given certain
scientific knowledge, in a kind of economy in which the maximisation of
individual entrepreneurs’ profit was unfettered. For the first time in history, a
manufacturing class had the power to implement technological innovations
systematically in production and was able to obtain higher profits by so doing.
This is not to say that a bourgeoisie held political power directly in 1770. In fact,
the centuries-long transition from a feudal to a capitalist mode of production in
Britian was not accompanied by the simple ascendence of one class and the
decline of another. From the Tudor period onwards, the land-owning nobility
showed a strong tendency to commercialise agriculture; the backing of a
monarchy in need of money allowed land-owners to enclose their own land and
the traditional commons of the peasantry and turn them over to commercial
production-mainly of wool-for an export market. From the middle of the
eighteenth century this process was carried out through Parliamentary Enclosure
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