How would you classify radicals based on the types of ions they contain? Give suitable examples.
Answers
Answer:
adducts:
Adducts, involving a dipolar bond with electron donation from and/or to [pi]-orbitals. GTPOC (pi adduct).
ampholytes: See zwitterionic compounds.
anhydro bases:
Compounds resulting from internal acid-base neutralization (with loss of water) in iminium hydroxides containing an acidic site conjugated with the iminium function. Cf. pseudo bases.
betaines:*
Originally, the compound betaine, (CH3)3N+CH2C(=O)O- N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetate, and similar zwitterionic compounds derived from other amino acids. NOC Rule C-816.1, footnote. By extension, neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an onium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom. Betaines cannot be represented without formal charges. See also dipolar compounds, mesoionic compounds, ylides, zwitterionic compounds. E.g. (CH3)3P+CH2S(=O)2O-, (Ph)3P+CH2CH2O-.
biradicals:
Although this term has been recommended in the past for diradicals , specialists working in the field prefer the latter term. GTPOC (biradical)
Bunte salts:
Salts (usually sodium salts) of S-alkylthiosulfuric acid, of general structure RSS(=O)2O- M+. Use of this term is discouraged.
carbanions:
Anions containing an even number of electrons in which the excess negative charge is formally located on one or more carbon atoms. E.g. H3C- methyl anion or methanide, H3CC-(=O) acetyl anion or 1-oxoethanide, H3CC-HCH3 isopropyl anion or propan-2-ide, cyclopenta-2,4-dienyl anion or cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ide. See also acyl intermediates, enolates. GTPOC (carbanions).
carbena:
This prefix is now rejected. It has been used in the past, especially in cyclic systems, to name carbenes. E.g. 'carbenacycloheptane', now cycloheptylidene.
carbenes:*
The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). In systematic name formation, carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-[lambda]4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene. RNRI Rule RC-81.1.3. NOC Rule C-81.1. E.g. CH 2=CHCH: prop-2-en-1-ylidene; cyclohexylidene, H2C=C: ethenylidene.