Human being is a social animal (10 marks) (2000 words)
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Answer:
ʜᴜᴍᴀɴ ʙᴇɪɴɢꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟꜱ. ᴏᴜʀ ʟɪᴠᴇꜱ ᴅᴇᴩᴇɴᴅ ᴏɴ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ʜᴜᴍᴀɴꜱ. ʜᴜᴍᴀɴ ɪɴꜰᴀɴᴛꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ʙᴏʀɴ ᴜɴᴀʙʟᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʀᴀɴꜱᴩᴏʀᴛ ᴏʀ ᴄᴀʀᴇ ꜰᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇᴍꜱᴇʟᴠᴇꜱ. ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ꜱᴜʀᴠɪᴠᴀʟ ᴅᴇᴩᴇɴᴅꜱ ᴏɴ ᴀɴᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ʜᴜᴍᴀɴ’ꜱ ᴇꜰꜰᴏʀᴛꜱ. ᴡᴇ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴩ ᴀɴᴅ ʟᴇᴀʀɴ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴜꜱ ᴛʜʀᴏᴜɢʜ ᴛʜᴇ ꜰɪʟᴛᴇʀ ᴏꜰ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴩᴇᴏᴩʟᴇ. ᴛʜᴇꜱᴇ ᴏᴜʀ ᴄᴏɴɴᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴꜱ ᴛᴏ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴋᴇy ᴛᴏ ɴᴏᴛ ᴏɴʟy ᴏᴜʀ ꜱᴜʀᴠɪᴠᴀʟ, ʙᴜᴛ ᴀʟꜱᴏ ᴛᴏ ᴏᴜʀ ʜᴀᴩᴩɪɴᴇꜱꜱ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴜᴄᴄᴇꜱꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴏᴜʀ ᴄᴀʀᴇᴇʀꜱ.
ʜᴜᴍᴀɴ ʙᴇɪɴɢꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ʙᴏʀɴ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ. ᴇᴠᴏʟᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʜᴀꜱ ꜰᴏʀᴄᴇᴅ ᴡᴏᴍᴇɴ ᴛᴏ ɢɪᴠᴇ ʙɪʀᴛʜ ʙᴇꜰᴏʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ʙᴀʙɪᴇꜱ ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ᴩᴏꜱꜱɪʙʟy ꜱᴜʀᴠɪᴠᴇ ʙy ᴛʜᴇᴍꜱᴇʟᴠᴇꜱ, ꜱɪɴᴄᴇ ᴏᴜʀ ʙɪɢ ʙʀᴀɪɴꜱ ᴍᴇᴀɴ ᴀɴy ᴍᴏʀᴇ ᴛɪᴍᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏᴍʙ ᴀɴᴅ ᴏᴜʀ ʜᴇᴀᴅꜱ ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅɴ’ᴛ ɢᴇᴛ ᴏᴜᴛ.
ᴀꜱ ʟɪꜰᴇ ɢᴏᴇꜱ ᴏɴ, ᴏᴜʀ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄᴏɴɴᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴꜱ ᴄᴏɴᴛɪɴᴜᴇ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ ᴠɪᴛᴀʟ. ᴡᴇ ʟɪᴠᴇ ɪɴ ꜰᴀᴍɪʟɪᴇꜱ, ᴛʀɪʙᴇꜱ ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴꜱ, ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀꜱɪɴɢʟy ᴀꜱ ᴩᴀʀᴛ ᴏꜰ ᴀɴ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴄᴏɴɴᴇᴄᴛᴇᴅ ɢʟᴏʙᴀʟ ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴛy. ᴛʜᴇ ᴩʀᴏʙʟᴇᴍ ɪꜱ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇꜱᴇ ɢʀᴏᴜᴩꜱ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴅɪꜰꜰᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ᴏꜰᴛᴇɴ ᴄᴏᴍᴩᴇᴛɪɴɢ ᴅᴇᴍᴀɴᴅꜱ ᴏɴ ᴜꜱ. ᴡᴇ ᴍᴀy ᴡᴇʟʟ ʙᴇ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟꜱ ʙᴜᴛ ᴏᴜʀ ʜᴀʙɪᴛᴀᴛꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴄʜᴀɴɢɪɴɢ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴇ ʜᴀᴠᴇɴ’ᴛ yᴇᴛ ᴀᴅᴀᴩᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇᴍ.
ᴛʜᴀᴛ ɪꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴩʀᴏʙʟᴇᴍ ᴅᴇᴀʟᴛ ᴡɪᴛʜ ɪɴ ᴛʜʀᴇᴇ ᴠᴇʀy ᴅɪꜰꜰᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ʙᴏᴏᴋꜱ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ʙᴇɪɴɢ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀꜱ. ᴍᴀᴛᴛʜᴇᴡ ʟɪᴇʙᴇʀᴍᴀɴ ᴀᴩᴩʀᴏᴀᴄʜᴇꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ɪꜱꜱᴜᴇ ꜰʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ᴩᴇʀꜱᴩᴇᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴏꜰ ʜɪꜱ ᴩɪᴏɴᴇᴇʀɪɴɢ ꜰɪᴇʟᴅ ᴏꜰ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴄᴏɢɴɪᴛɪᴠᴇ ɴᴇᴜʀᴏꜱᴄɪᴇɴᴄᴇ, ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴛᴜᴅy ᴏꜰ ʜᴏᴡ ᴛʜᴇ ʙʀᴀɪɴ ʀᴇꜱᴩᴏɴᴅꜱ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ; ᴊᴏꜱʜᴜᴀ ɢʀᴇᴇɴᴇ ʟᴏᴏᴋꜱ ᴀᴛ ɪᴛ ᴛʜʀᴏᴜɢʜ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴇɴꜱ ᴏꜰ ᴍᴏʀᴀʟ ᴩʜɪʟᴏꜱᴏᴩʜy ᴀɴᴅ ᴩꜱyᴄʜᴏʟᴏɢy; ᴀɴᴅ ᴍᴀʀᴛʜᴀ ɴᴜꜱꜱʙᴀᴜᴍ ʙʀɪɴɢꜱ ᴩᴏʟɪᴛɪᴄᴀʟ ᴩʜɪʟᴏꜱᴏᴩʜy ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴩᴀʀᴛy, ɪɴꜰᴜꜱɪɴɢ ʜᴇʀ ᴅɪꜱᴄᴜꜱꜱɪᴏɴ ᴡɪᴛʜ ʜᴇʀ ᴛʀᴀᴅᴇᴍᴀʀᴋ ʙʟᴇɴᴅ ᴏꜰ ᴀᴇꜱᴛʜᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴀɴᴅ ʜɪꜱᴛᴏʀɪᴄᴀʟ ᴀɴᴀʟyꜱɪꜱ.
ʟɪᴇʙᴇʀᴍᴀɴ’ꜱ ᴛᴀꜱᴋ ɪꜱ ɪɴ ꜱᴏᴍᴇ ᴡᴀyꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴏꜱᴛ ꜱᴛʀᴀɪɢʜᴛꜰᴏʀᴡᴀʀᴅ. ʜɪꜱ ᴀɪᴍ ɪɴ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ɪꜱ ᴛᴏ ɪᴍᴩʀᴇꜱꜱ ᴜᴩᴏɴ ᴜꜱ ᴊᴜꜱᴛ ʜᴏᴡ ᴍᴜᴄʜ ᴡᴇ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʟᴇᴀʀɴᴛ ɪɴ ʀᴇᴄᴇɴᴛ yᴇᴀʀꜱ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡɪʀɪɴɢ ᴏꜰ ᴏᴜʀ ʙʀᴀɪɴꜱ. ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴛʜɪɴᴋɪɴɢ ɪꜱ ꜱᴏ ꜰᴜɴᴅᴀᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ɪᴛ ꜰɪʟʟꜱ ᴏᴜʀ ᴄᴏɴꜱᴄɪᴏᴜꜱɴᴇꜱꜱ ᴡʜᴇɴᴇᴠᴇʀ ᴡᴇ ꜱᴡɪᴛᴄʜ ᴏꜰꜰ ꜰʀᴏᴍ ᴀɴy ᴩʀᴇꜱꜱɪɴɢ ᴛᴀꜱᴋ. ᴛʜɪꜱ “ᴅᴇꜰᴀᴜʟᴛ ᴍᴏᴅᴇ ɴᴇᴛᴡᴏʀᴋ” ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠɪᴛy “ᴩʀᴇᴄᴇᴅᴇꜱ ᴀɴy ᴄᴏɴꜱᴄɪᴏᴜꜱ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴇꜱᴛ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ”, ʜᴀᴠɪɴɢ ʙᴇᴇɴ ᴅᴇᴛᴇᴄᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴ ʙᴀʙɪᴇꜱ ᴀꜱ yᴏᴜɴɢ ᴀꜱ ᴛᴡᴏ ᴅᴀyꜱ.
ᴍᴏꜱᴛ ɴᴇᴜʀᴏꜱᴄɪᴇɴᴛɪꜱᴛꜱ ʙᴇʟɪᴇᴠᴇ ᴡᴇ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴀ ᴅᴇᴅɪᴄᴀᴛᴇᴅ ꜱyꜱᴛᴇᴍ ꜰᴏʀ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ʀᴇᴀꜱᴏɴɪɴɢ, qᴜɪᴛᴇ ᴅɪꜰꜰᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏɴᴇ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ɪꜱ ᴜꜱᴇᴅ ꜰᴏʀ ɴᴏɴ-ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴛʜɪɴᴋɪɴɢ. ᴡʜᴀᴛ’ꜱ ᴍᴏʀᴇ, ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴏɴᴇ ꜱyꜱᴛᴇᴍ ɪꜱ ᴏɴ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛᴜʀɴꜱ ᴏꜰꜰ. ʟɪᴇʙᴇʀᴍᴀɴ ᴇxᴩʟᴀɪɴꜱ ʜᴏᴡ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ꜱyꜱᴛᴇᴍ ꜰᴜʟꜰɪʟꜱ ᴛʜʀᴇᴇ ᴄᴏʀᴇ ᴛᴀꜱᴋꜱ. ꜰɪʀꜱᴛ, ɪᴛ ᴍᴜꜱᴛ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴄᴏɴɴᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴꜱ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀꜱ, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ɪɴᴠᴏʟᴠᴇꜱ ꜰᴇᴇʟɪɴɢ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴩᴀɪɴꜱ ᴀɴᴅ ᴩʟᴇᴀꜱᴜʀᴇꜱ, ꜱᴜᴄʜ ᴀꜱ ᴛʜᴏꜱᴇ ᴏꜰ ʀᴇᴊᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏʀ ʙᴇʟᴏɴɢɪɴɢ. ꜱᴇᴄᴏɴᴅ, ɪᴛ ᴍᴜꜱᴛ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴩ ᴍɪɴᴅ-ʀᴇᴀᴅɪɴɢ ꜱᴋɪʟʟꜱ, ɪɴ ᴏʀᴅᴇʀ ᴛᴏ ᴋɴᴏᴡ ᴡʜᴀᴛ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀꜱ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜɪɴᴋɪɴɢ, ꜱᴏ ᴀꜱ ᴛᴏ ᴩʀᴇᴅɪᴄᴛ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ʙᴇʜᴀᴠɪᴏᴜʀ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀᴄᴛ ᴀᴩᴩʀᴏᴩʀɪᴀᴛᴇʟy. ꜰɪɴᴀʟʟy, ɪᴛ ᴍᴜꜱᴛ ᴜꜱᴇ ᴛʜᴇꜱᴇ ᴀʙɪʟɪᴛɪᴇꜱ ᴛᴏ ʜᴀʀᴍᴏɴɪꜱᴇ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀꜱ, ꜱᴏ ᴀꜱ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜʀɪᴠᴇ ꜱᴀꜰᴇʟy ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ꜱᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ.
Answer:
Human beings are a social species that relies on cooperation to survive and thrive. Understanding how and why cooperation succeeds or fails is integral to solving the many global challenges we face.
Explanation:
Cooperation lies at the heart of human lives and society — from day-to-day interactions to some of our greatest endeavours. Understanding cooperation — what motivates it, how it develops, how it happens and when it fails to happen — is therefore an important part of understanding all kinds of human behaviour. In this focus issue of Nature Human Behaviour, we bring together review, opinion and research content on human cooperation from across the journal’s scope — including evolution, anthropology, ecology, economics, neuroscience and environmental science — to spark interdisciplinary conversation and perhaps even inspire some scientific cooperation. In our dedicated collection on cooperation,we combine new commissioned content with work from our archive that exemplifies the breadth of enquiry in this important interdisciplinary field.