Human development psychology notes class 11
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Development – Sequence of Age-Related Changes that occur as a Person Progresses from Conception until Death.
Prenatal Development
Zygote – 1 Celled Organism formed by Union of Sperm and an Egg.
Prenatal Period – Period from Conception to Birth, usually 9 Months of Pregnancy.
Prenatal Development
Germinal Stage – First Phase of Prenatal Development, encompassing the first 2 Weeks after Conception.
i. Placenta – Structure that allows Oxygen & Nutrients to pass into Fetus from the Mother’s Bloodstream and Bodily Waste to Pass Out the Mother.
Embryonic Stage – Second Stage of Prenatal Development, lasting from 2 weeks to End of Second Month.
i. Most Vital Organs are Formed.
Fetal Stage – Third Stage of Prenatal Development, lasting from 2 Months until Birth.
i. Muscles Form, and Bones harden.
ii. Age of Viability – Age at which a Baby can survive Pre-Mature Birth, about 22 – 26 Weeks.
Environmental Factors & Prenatal Development
Maternal Malnutrition – Malnutrition of Mother causes Baby to be more likely to have health problems for rest of life.
Maternal Drug Use – Drugs used by Mother pass through Placenta to Baby and cause many Birth Defects and Health Problems.
i. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – Collection of Inborn Problems associated with excessive Alcohol use during Pregnancy.
Maternal Illness – Many Illnesses contracted by Mother can be transmitted to Newborn.
i. Aids/HIV can pass from Mother to Newborn in Birth.
Parental Health Care – Less Parental Health Care for low-income group causes Many problems for Babies.
Childhood
Motor Development – Progression of Muscular Coordination required for Physical Activities.
Cephalocaudal Trend – Head–to–Foot direction of Motor Development.
Proximodistal Trend – Center–Outward Direction of Motor Development.
Maturation – Development that Reflects the Gradual Unfolding of one’s Genetic Blueprint.
Developmental Norms – The Median Age at which Individuals display Various Behaviors and Abilities.
Different Cultures develop specific Motor Skills Faster.
Differences on Temperament
i. Temperament – Characteristic Mood, Activity Level, and Emotional Reactivity.
ii. Longitudinal Design – Study One Group of Participants Repeatedly over a Period of Time.
iii. Cross-Sectional Design – Study Compare Groups of Participants of Differing Age at a Single Point in Time.
iv. Jerome Kagen – “Temperament at Childhood can change over a Lifetime.”
Attachment
i. Attachment – Close Emotional Bonds of Affection that Develop Between Infants and their Caregivers.
ii. Separation Anxiety – Emotional Distress seen in Many Infants which happens when they are Separated from People who they have formed an Attachment with.
iii. Harry Harlow – “Attachment happens because the Mother becomes a Conditioned Reinforcer.”
iv. Attachment Patterns
1. Secure Attachment – Use Mother as Secure base to Venture out.
2. Resistant Attachment – Anxious when Mother is Present or Leaves.
3. Avoidant Attachment – Child Doesn’t care when Mother Leaves or is Present.
4. Attachment Development Norms are same across Culture, but Type of Attachment varies across Culture.
5. John Bowlby – “Attachment is an Evolutionary Adaptation.”
Personality Development
i. Stage – Developmental Period During Which Characteristics Patterns of Behavior are Exhibited and Certain Capacities become Established.
ii. Erickson’s Stage Theory – Personality is shaped how one deals with 8 Psychosocial crises in the 8 Stages of Life.
Cognitive Development
i. Cognitive Development – Transitions in Children Patterns of Thinking, including Reasoning, Remembering, and Problem Solving.
ii. Jean Paiget Theory of Cognitive Development – All Children goes through 4 Stages of Cognitive Development.
iii. Assimilation – Interpreting New Experiences in Terms of Existing Mental Structures without Changing Them.
iv. Accommodation – Changing Existing Mental Structures to Explain New Experiences.
1. Sensorimotor Period
a. Object Permanence – When a Child Recognizes Objects that Continue to Exist even when they are No Longer Available.
2. Preoperational Period
a. Conservation – Awareness that Physical Quantities Remain Constant in Spite of Changes in their Shape or Appearance.
b. Centration – Tendency to Focus on just One Feature of a Problem, Neglecting other Important Aspects.
c. Irreversability – Inability to Envision Reversing an Action.
d. Egocentrism – Thinking Characterized by a Limited Ability to Share Another’s Point of View.
e. Animism – The Belief that All things are Living.
3. Concrete Operational Period
4. Formal Operational Period
Prenatal Development
Zygote – 1 Celled Organism formed by Union of Sperm and an Egg.
Prenatal Period – Period from Conception to Birth, usually 9 Months of Pregnancy.
Prenatal Development
Germinal Stage – First Phase of Prenatal Development, encompassing the first 2 Weeks after Conception.
i. Placenta – Structure that allows Oxygen & Nutrients to pass into Fetus from the Mother’s Bloodstream and Bodily Waste to Pass Out the Mother.
Embryonic Stage – Second Stage of Prenatal Development, lasting from 2 weeks to End of Second Month.
i. Most Vital Organs are Formed.
Fetal Stage – Third Stage of Prenatal Development, lasting from 2 Months until Birth.
i. Muscles Form, and Bones harden.
ii. Age of Viability – Age at which a Baby can survive Pre-Mature Birth, about 22 – 26 Weeks.
Environmental Factors & Prenatal Development
Maternal Malnutrition – Malnutrition of Mother causes Baby to be more likely to have health problems for rest of life.
Maternal Drug Use – Drugs used by Mother pass through Placenta to Baby and cause many Birth Defects and Health Problems.
i. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – Collection of Inborn Problems associated with excessive Alcohol use during Pregnancy.
Maternal Illness – Many Illnesses contracted by Mother can be transmitted to Newborn.
i. Aids/HIV can pass from Mother to Newborn in Birth.
Parental Health Care – Less Parental Health Care for low-income group causes Many problems for Babies.
Childhood
Motor Development – Progression of Muscular Coordination required for Physical Activities.
Cephalocaudal Trend – Head–to–Foot direction of Motor Development.
Proximodistal Trend – Center–Outward Direction of Motor Development.
Maturation – Development that Reflects the Gradual Unfolding of one’s Genetic Blueprint.
Developmental Norms – The Median Age at which Individuals display Various Behaviors and Abilities.
Different Cultures develop specific Motor Skills Faster.
Differences on Temperament
i. Temperament – Characteristic Mood, Activity Level, and Emotional Reactivity.
ii. Longitudinal Design – Study One Group of Participants Repeatedly over a Period of Time.
iii. Cross-Sectional Design – Study Compare Groups of Participants of Differing Age at a Single Point in Time.
iv. Jerome Kagen – “Temperament at Childhood can change over a Lifetime.”
Attachment
i. Attachment – Close Emotional Bonds of Affection that Develop Between Infants and their Caregivers.
ii. Separation Anxiety – Emotional Distress seen in Many Infants which happens when they are Separated from People who they have formed an Attachment with.
iii. Harry Harlow – “Attachment happens because the Mother becomes a Conditioned Reinforcer.”
iv. Attachment Patterns
1. Secure Attachment – Use Mother as Secure base to Venture out.
2. Resistant Attachment – Anxious when Mother is Present or Leaves.
3. Avoidant Attachment – Child Doesn’t care when Mother Leaves or is Present.
4. Attachment Development Norms are same across Culture, but Type of Attachment varies across Culture.
5. John Bowlby – “Attachment is an Evolutionary Adaptation.”
Personality Development
i. Stage – Developmental Period During Which Characteristics Patterns of Behavior are Exhibited and Certain Capacities become Established.
ii. Erickson’s Stage Theory – Personality is shaped how one deals with 8 Psychosocial crises in the 8 Stages of Life.
Cognitive Development
i. Cognitive Development – Transitions in Children Patterns of Thinking, including Reasoning, Remembering, and Problem Solving.
ii. Jean Paiget Theory of Cognitive Development – All Children goes through 4 Stages of Cognitive Development.
iii. Assimilation – Interpreting New Experiences in Terms of Existing Mental Structures without Changing Them.
iv. Accommodation – Changing Existing Mental Structures to Explain New Experiences.
1. Sensorimotor Period
a. Object Permanence – When a Child Recognizes Objects that Continue to Exist even when they are No Longer Available.
2. Preoperational Period
a. Conservation – Awareness that Physical Quantities Remain Constant in Spite of Changes in their Shape or Appearance.
b. Centration – Tendency to Focus on just One Feature of a Problem, Neglecting other Important Aspects.
c. Irreversability – Inability to Envision Reversing an Action.
d. Egocentrism – Thinking Characterized by a Limited Ability to Share Another’s Point of View.
e. Animism – The Belief that All things are Living.
3. Concrete Operational Period
4. Formal Operational Period
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Notes related to Human Development
- Prenatal development may be affected by maternal malnutrition, maternal drug use and some maternal illnesses.
- Motor development follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends. Early motor development depends on both maturation and learning.
- Cultural variations in child rearing can affect the patterns of attachment between the child and the caregiver.
- According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the main characteristics of sensorimotor stage is the child’s gradual recognition of the permanence of objects.
- The preoperational stage is marked by certain deficiencies in thinking such as centration, irreversibility, and egocentrism
- During the concrete operations stage, children develop the ability to perform operations on mental representations, making them capable of conservation. The stage of formal operations is more abstract, systematic, and develops logical thought.
- According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning progresses through three levels that are related to age and determined by cognitive development.
- The growth spurt at puberty is a prominent event involving the development of reproductive maturity and secondary sex characteristics. According to Erikson, the key challenge of adolescence is to make some progress towards a sense of identity.
- During adulthood personality is marked by both stability and change. Many landmarks in adult development involve transitions in family relationships, including adjustment to marriage, parenthood, and children leaving home.
- Age-related physical transitions during adulthood include changes in appearance, memory, and in the cognitive domain.
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