I have a couple of questions
1) who was the socialist in 19th century in Europe? What kind of society did the envisage ( it is a 3 mark question to answer within hundred words)
2)what was the contribution of Karl Marx in bringing about the Russian revolution of 1917?(it is a 3 mark question to answer within hundred words)
3) describe the economic condition of Russia before 1905
4) what do you mean by the reds Greens and the whites in the context of Russia?
5) explain any five socio economic condition of Russia before 20th century.
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1.) Socialists are people who believed in the concept of social ownership or in other words ownership of the resources by the entire community. The means of production or the resources were also jointly managed by the entire community. The yields or the returns of production were also shared by the entire community on the basis of their individual inputs. The socialists did not believe in private ownership of land or other means of production.
Some socialists in the 19th century Europe like Robert Owen (1771 -1858), an English manufacturer established a co-operative community called New Harmony in Indiana, USA where in the means of production were jointly owned by the community and the yields were shared equitably. Few other socialists like Louis Blanc (1813 - 1882) believed that governments have to encourage cooperatives and set up cooperative organisations to replace capitalist institutions.
2.) Karl Marx could be considered the intellectual and philosophical leader of the Russian Revolution. Although he had died long before the revolution it was his ideas (along with Friedrich Engels) that sparked the political movements to overthrow the capitalist and autocratic government that was in place in 1917. His ideas on the evils of capitalism, the need to overthrow it in favor of socialism and the eventual conversion of socialism into communism led many to believe that the forms of government in place in many industrialized countries had to be replaced.
These Marxist thoughts led to the creation of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) whose members advocated the overthrow of capitalism in favor of socialism. One faction of this party was the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin. When the first Russian Revolution occurred in February 1917, the Marxist RSDLP and other anti government parties, socialist and non-socialists) banded together to form the capitalist based Provisional Government. But by that time in Russia, the workers, soldiers and peasants were not content to remain under a capitalist system. Lenin used Marxist ideologies to convince the people that a Marxist system led by him and the Bolsheviks would be better than a capitalist system led by the ministers of the former government. Using Marxist propaganda, Lenin engineered the Bolshevik/Communist Revolution in October 1917
3.) Industrialisation brought a new class the industrial worker, who lived in conditions of misery. Workers had no political rights and no means of gaining even minor reforms. Work hours were long, wages were poor and unemployment common.
The middle class and intellectuals were also opposed and united against the exploitative system based on privileges.
The state exchequer was bankrupt, due to the spendthrift ways of the Tsar, expensive wars, burden of the bureaucracy and maintaining a large army. The privileged classes, clergy and nobility who could afford were exempt from taxes while the poor peasantry and working class were burdened with taxes. Industry in Russia developed largely due to foreign investment. Foreign investors were only interested in quick profits at the expense of workers.
Russia's defeat in the 1905 Russo-Japanese war brought all the summary discontentment of the people to the fore.
4.)Originally red was the color of labor movement and almost every socialist used it. The government of the Soviet Republic (proclaimed after the October Revolution) was initially coalitional, but by the summer of 1918 the Bolsheviks outlawed every other party, and the terms 'Soviet' and 'Bolshevik' started to mean the same.
So, the "Reds" were supporters of Bolsheviks or members of the Soviet Republic's Red Army.
5.) 1. In the beginning of the 20th century, a vast majority of the Russian population were agriculturists. About 85 percent of the population in Russia was dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.
2.Industry existed in pockets in Russia. St. Peters berg and Moscow were prominent industrial areas.Much of the production was undertaken by the craftsmen.
3.Many factories grew up in Russia with the expansion of the railway networks and a increase in foreign investment in the industrial sector. Industries were mainly under private ownership.
4.Government only supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and to fix the hours of work for the labourers. There was a strong unity among the factory workers who sometimes resorted to strike.
5.The Russian society was divided into privileged and non- privileged class. The crown, the Church and the nobility were the privileged class who owned large properties. The peasants led miserable lives. They cultivated most of the land in the countryside. They had to pay heavy rents to the landlords who exploited them severely.They frequently revolted against the nobles.
Some socialists in the 19th century Europe like Robert Owen (1771 -1858), an English manufacturer established a co-operative community called New Harmony in Indiana, USA where in the means of production were jointly owned by the community and the yields were shared equitably. Few other socialists like Louis Blanc (1813 - 1882) believed that governments have to encourage cooperatives and set up cooperative organisations to replace capitalist institutions.
2.) Karl Marx could be considered the intellectual and philosophical leader of the Russian Revolution. Although he had died long before the revolution it was his ideas (along with Friedrich Engels) that sparked the political movements to overthrow the capitalist and autocratic government that was in place in 1917. His ideas on the evils of capitalism, the need to overthrow it in favor of socialism and the eventual conversion of socialism into communism led many to believe that the forms of government in place in many industrialized countries had to be replaced.
These Marxist thoughts led to the creation of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) whose members advocated the overthrow of capitalism in favor of socialism. One faction of this party was the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin. When the first Russian Revolution occurred in February 1917, the Marxist RSDLP and other anti government parties, socialist and non-socialists) banded together to form the capitalist based Provisional Government. But by that time in Russia, the workers, soldiers and peasants were not content to remain under a capitalist system. Lenin used Marxist ideologies to convince the people that a Marxist system led by him and the Bolsheviks would be better than a capitalist system led by the ministers of the former government. Using Marxist propaganda, Lenin engineered the Bolshevik/Communist Revolution in October 1917
3.) Industrialisation brought a new class the industrial worker, who lived in conditions of misery. Workers had no political rights and no means of gaining even minor reforms. Work hours were long, wages were poor and unemployment common.
The middle class and intellectuals were also opposed and united against the exploitative system based on privileges.
The state exchequer was bankrupt, due to the spendthrift ways of the Tsar, expensive wars, burden of the bureaucracy and maintaining a large army. The privileged classes, clergy and nobility who could afford were exempt from taxes while the poor peasantry and working class were burdened with taxes. Industry in Russia developed largely due to foreign investment. Foreign investors were only interested in quick profits at the expense of workers.
Russia's defeat in the 1905 Russo-Japanese war brought all the summary discontentment of the people to the fore.
4.)Originally red was the color of labor movement and almost every socialist used it. The government of the Soviet Republic (proclaimed after the October Revolution) was initially coalitional, but by the summer of 1918 the Bolsheviks outlawed every other party, and the terms 'Soviet' and 'Bolshevik' started to mean the same.
So, the "Reds" were supporters of Bolsheviks or members of the Soviet Republic's Red Army.
5.) 1. In the beginning of the 20th century, a vast majority of the Russian population were agriculturists. About 85 percent of the population in Russia was dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.
2.Industry existed in pockets in Russia. St. Peters berg and Moscow were prominent industrial areas.Much of the production was undertaken by the craftsmen.
3.Many factories grew up in Russia with the expansion of the railway networks and a increase in foreign investment in the industrial sector. Industries were mainly under private ownership.
4.Government only supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and to fix the hours of work for the labourers. There was a strong unity among the factory workers who sometimes resorted to strike.
5.The Russian society was divided into privileged and non- privileged class. The crown, the Church and the nobility were the privileged class who owned large properties. The peasants led miserable lives. They cultivated most of the land in the countryside. They had to pay heavy rents to the landlords who exploited them severely.They frequently revolted against the nobles.
Shan1111:
thank you sis....
ur welcome
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