I have speaking test in my school so help me ok my topic is" industrialisation and its impact "
Answers
1. stay calm while speaking
2.prepare your topic and if you haven't done yet search some info about that and interpret that
3.continue to make an eye contact with the teacher
4.be confident
all the best for your speaking test ...hope my words worth you
The process of industrialization has transformed the entire old socio-economic structure which was founded on traditional feudal and pre-feudal principles of birth and status.
Industrialization has brought about many changes non-existent in pre-industrial societies. It has introduced new social relation, urbanisation, geographical concentration of people and changes in occupational structure. It has resulted in certain common features which are different from the features of pre-industrial or traditional agricultural societies. Various changes that have taken place in political, educational, religious, familial and stratification spheres due to impact of industrialization are discussed below.
Political:
Capitalism was already well set by the time industrial revolution commenced. It stimulated the growth of industry as large machines were costly and individual worker could not purchase for use. The weaving industry was the first to come fully under the grip of capitalists. Role of weaver got confined to labour selling and wage earning.
These in fact came to be established, owned and controlled by capitalists. Under the new system the workers were rendered completely dependent on their employers. They lived together, in large agglomerating, in absolute misery and total poverty.
Their misery and poor working conditions forced them to think about their well being. The liberal and revolutionary ideas as propounded by the thinkers from time to time, stimulated their thinking. The Chartist movement in Britain was the first manifestation of worker’s collective action against the capitalist regime.
The Revolution in Europe in 1830, 1848 and 1870 on the whole provided the inspiration to the working class. The rulers did not fail to take note of it. The liberal leadership took up the cause of working men. Men like Charles Early Grey, Robert Peel, Grladstone educated the ‘master’s, the working class of their real strength. They invested the people with a political consciousness and made them earnest, about their rights. They were desirous to change their condition, generated keenness for it, and set the change in motion.
Constitutionalism in England for centuries was the intellectual exercise of the Constitutional lawyers and of elected parliamentarians. For the generality democracy was name not a fact. But the process that came to be set a foot soon galvanised the working class to unity and action.
The Parliamentary Reform Act 1832, did not bring democracy to the British, but effected a breach in the strong hold of autocracy and aristocracy. After the representation was conceded to the new industrial towns and to the industrial classes, the composition of the House of Commons underwent a distinct change. With it began the liberal legislations.
The second Reform Act enfranchised the lower middle class and the industrial worker. It was given further extension by the third Reform Act 1884. All working men, not under the age of 21 were enfranchised. These changes left, the House of Lords unaffected. In fact it had all along hindered the progressive legislations.
Lloyd George, in his Newcastle speech, 9 Oct., 1909 took up the cause, and expounded the situation, thus: “The question will be asked” should 500 men (reference to the members of the House of Lords.) ordinary men, chosen accidentally from among the unemployed, override the judgement, the deliberate judgement of millions of people who are engaged in the industry which makes the wealth for the country?
Another question will be: who ordained that a few should have the land of Britain as a pre-requisite, who made 10,000 people owners of the soil, and the rest of us trespassers in the land of our birth ?.. These are questions that will be asked.
The answers are charged with peril for the order of the things the peers represent: but they are fraught with rare and refreshing fruit for the parched lips of the multitude who have been treading the dusty road along which the people have marched through the dark ages, which are now emerging into the light”. Mr. Lloyd George, thus warned the Lords that they were ‘forcing revolution’. By the Act of 1911, its power was taken away and democracy rendered safe in England. Successively, women were also enfranchised.
Power, thus came to be rationalised. The gap between the centre of authority and common citizen vanished. The party system, regular election, the House of Commons became the institution which enabled all citizens to share power equally.
Once the politically unowned, the humble, poor and poverty stricken became the partners in the political fortunes of their country, there followed the political transformation. In other European countries politics of similar type led the enfranchisement of the adult voter. We too, on our independence opted for democratic policy. But, we have yet to develop a political culture.