i have to make project on study on gene therapy....
which r imp. pts i should cover ?
❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
Answers
Answer:
The ability to make site-specific modifications to the human genome has been an objective in medicine since the recognition of the gene as the basic unit of heredity. Thus, gene therapy is understood as the ability of genetic improvement through the correction of altered (mutated) genes or site-specific modifications that target therapeutic treatment. This therapy became possible through the advances of genetics and bioengineering that enabled manipulating vectors for delivery of extrachromosomal material to target cells. One of the main focuses of this technique is the optimization of delivery vehicles (vectors) that are mostly plasmids, nanostructured or viruses. The viruses are more often investigated due to their excellence of invading cells and inserting their genetic material. However, there is great concern regarding exacerbated immune responses and genome manipulation, especially in germ line cells. In vivo studies in in somatic cell showed satisfactory results with approved protocols in clinical trials. These trials have been conducted in the United States, Europe, Australia and China. Recent biotechnological advances, such as induced pluripotent stem cells in patients with liver diseases, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy, and genomic editing by CRISPR/Cas9, are addressed in this review.
Keywords: Gene therapy, Genetic Vectors, Gene transfer, horizontal, CRISPR-Cas9, CAR-T cell, Genetic therapy, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
INTRODUCTION
In 1991, James Watson declared that “many people say they are worried about the changes in our genetic instructions. But these (genetic instructions) are merely a product of evolution, shaped so we can adapt to certain conditions which might no longer exist. We all know how imperfect we are. Why not become a little better apt to survive?”.( 1 ) Since the beginning, humans understand that the peculiar characteristics of the parents can be transmitted to their descendents. The first speculation originated from the ancient Greek students, and some of these theories continued for many centuries. Genetic-scientific studies initiated in the early 1850s, when the Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, in a series of experiments with green peas, described the inheritance pattern by observing the traces that were inherited as separate units, which we know today as genes. Up until 1950, little was known as to the physical nature of genes, which was when the American biochemist, James Watson, and the British biophysicist, Francis Crick, developed the revolutionary model of the double strand DNA. In 1970, researchers discovered a series of enzymes that enabled the separation of the genes in predetermined sites along the DNA molecule and their reinsertion in a reproducible manner. These genetic advances prepared the scenario for the emergence of genetic engineering with the production of new drugs and antibodies, and as of 1980, gene therapy has been incorporated by scientists.( 2 , 3 )
In this review, we cover gene therapy, the different methodologies of genetic engineering used for this technique, its limitations, applications, and perspectives.
Gene therapy
The ability to make local modificiations in the human genome has been the objective of Medicine since the knowledge of DNA as the basic unit of heredity. Gene therapy is understood as the capacity for gene improvement by means of the correction of altered (mutated) genes or site-specific modifications that have therapeutic treatment as target. Further on, diffrent strategies are described, which are often used for this purpose.( 4 )
Currently, gene therapy is an area that exists predominantly in research laboratories, and its application is still experimental.( 5 ) Most trials are conducted in the United States, Europe, and Australia. The approach is broad, with potential treatment of diseases caused by recessive gene disorders (cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, and sickle cell anemia), acquired genetic diseases such as cancer, and certain viral infections, such as AIDS.( 3 , 6 )
One of the most often used techniques consists of recombinant DNA technology, in which the gene of interest or healthy gene is inserted into a vector, which can be a plasmidial, nanoestrutured, or viral; the latter is the most often used due to its efficiency in invading cells and introducing its genetic material. On table 1, a few gene therapy protocols are summarized, approved and published for clinical use, exemplifying the disease, the target, and the type of vector used.( 3 )
plz mark me as brainliest