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Show that the Arctic's maritime borders are sources of geopolitical demands and issues ( at least ten lines) NO COPY PAST ON A SITE READ the documents
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What are maritime boundaries?
In contrast to territory on land, states do not permanently occupy maritime areas. Maritime zones and boundaries are the invention of a legal regime that has developed over the last century.6) This legal regime entitles each coastal state to rights in the adjacent maritime space: a maximum 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf, which can be extended further given adequate proof of its geological contiguity. Entitlements to rights at sea and the continental shelf (like the exploitation of marine resources) are the expression of a state’s territory on land. It is the shape and size of this that determine what can be claimed at sea. Thereafter, maritime boundaries between states are used to delineate both these zones of rights.Establishing clear maritime boundaries between states – based on the Law of the Sea Convention – also requires cooperation. Cooperation takes the form of dialogue, negotiations, and agreeing on compromise in favor of the larger goal: undisputed zones of rights and responsibilities. At the same time, boundaries are crucial for fostering cooperation. Having defined maritime domains enables states to cooperate more easily on issues such as transboundary resources and environmental protection. This relationship is thus circular and interconnected, as we cannot separate one aspect from the other.Marine spatial planning is increasingly used to manage the demands on marine areas, both spatially and temporally, where several different users may compete for resources or space, to ensure that development is as sustainable as possible. Diminishing sea-ice coverage in the Arctic will allow for potential increases in economic exploitation, and failure to plan for cross-sectoral management could have negative economic and environmental results. During the ACCESS programme, a marine spatial planning tool was developed for the Arctic, enabling the integrated study of human activities related to hydrocarbon exploitation, shipping and fisheries, and the possible environmental impacts, within the context of the next 30 years of climate change. In addition to areas under national jurisdiction, the Arctic Ocean contains a large area of high seas. Resources and ecosystems extend across political boundaries. We use three examples to highlight the need for transboundary planning and governance to be developed at a regional level.Marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly used to manage the demands on marine areas, where several different users may compete for resources or space, and to ensure that activities at sea are as sustainable and efficient as possible. However, spatial planning for the future use of marine areas is a fairly new concept. Although marine areas are often regulated or allocated within individual economic sectors, there are at present few future looking and cross-sectoral examples of integrated marine spatial planning (Douvere 2008).The ACCESS MSP tool has been developed to address a unique combination of climatic and geopolitical issues and is designed to provide a data integration system for the purposes of identifying or mitigating against possible future events or activities. The tool allows the integrated study of information from all sectors under review: hydrocarbon exploitation, shipping and fisheries, and the associated human activities related to and within these sectors. Using the concepts of Ecosystem-Based Management, recognition of sectoral uses and practical methodologies of data and relationships analyses with a powerful geographical information system, users of the MSP tool can visualise and assess in a qualitative way the factors relevant to sustainable development in the region, as they are affected by long-term climate change.
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