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(i) What was non-cooperation movement?
(ii) Why did Gandhi stage this?
(iii) What were the main features of Non-cooperation movement?
(iv) Name the various social groups that participated in this movement.
(v) Why Gandhi decided to withdraw the non-cooperation movement?
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Answers
Answer:
question no. 1i) The Non-cooperation movement was launched on 5th September, 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi with the aim of self-governance and obtaining full independence as the Indian National Congress withdraw its support for British reforms following the Rowlatt Act of 21 March 1919, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 13 April 1919.
question no.iii) Features of the Non-Cooperation Movement
The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in India.
Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
People were asked to resign from their government jobs.
People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.
People were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils.
People were asked not to serve in the British army.
It was also planned that if the above steps did not bring results, people would refuse to pay their taxes.
The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government.
Only completely non-violent means would be employed to get the demands fulfilled.
The non-cooperation movement was a decisive step in the independence movement because, for the first time, the INC was ready to forego constitutional means to achieve self-rule.
Gandhiji had assured that Swaraj would be achieved in a year if this movement was continued to completion.
question no.iv) Different social groups which joined the non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 are given below:
(i) Middle class people: Teachers and students, merchants and traders and Lawyers.
(ii) Countryside peasants
(iii) Tribal peasants
(iv) Plantation workers in Assam
(v)Nai and Dhobi.
1. Middle class people:
(i) Teachers and students: Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and college students in large member joined the movement. Headmasters and teachers resigned from the colleges established by the government. New educational institutes such as jamia Milia Islamia and Kashi Vidyapitha were established.
(ii) Merchants and traders: Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. They joined the movement because the boycott of foreign goods would make the sale of their textiles and handlooms go up.
(iii) Lawyers: Lawyers gave up their legal practice.
2. Country side peasants:
Though the people in the country side interpreted the idea of Swaraj' in their own way but they participated in the movement on large scale. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents from peasants, and a number of other cesses. Peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. In several places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor
3. Tribal peasants: Most of the tribal people were dependent on forest for their livelihood but under the new forest policy, government had put many restrictions on the people like:
• Closing large forest area for the tribal people,
• Forcing the local people to contribute beggar,
• Preventing people to enter forest to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits.
4. Plantation workers in Assam: For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It also meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
• Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859. plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission
• When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left plantations and head home
• They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.
5. Nal and dhobi: the movement in the countryside had different angle. In many places Nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by the Panchayats to deprive the landlords of the services of barbers, cobblers, washer men etc.
question no.v) Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw Non-Cooperation Movement:
1. In Chauri Chaura, a peaceful demonstration was going on but it turned into violent and the police station was burnt down by the people.
2. Gandhi was completely against the use of violence and believed that the protest was becoming violent in many areas.
3. Gandhi thought that satyagrahis needed more tolerance and training for leading non-violent mass struggles.
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