Question

i need notes for chemical bonding class 11
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Answer 1

CHEMICAL BONDING

Why atoms combine ?

• Electronic reason

》 Elements combine to get the electronic configuration of their nearest noble gas.

》 Since noble gas contains 8 electrons in their valence shells. Hence, elements combine to complete their octate is known as octate rule.

》 Elements nearer to helium bonds to attains electronic configuration of helium. This is know as Duplet rule.

• Energy reason

》 Elements combine to form molecules to lower their potential energy.

》 High energy less stable low energy more stable.

》 Attraction = energy decreases

》 Repulsion = energy increases

》 Bond formation is always an exothermic process.

》 Bond breaking is always an endothermic process.

• IONIC BOND

》 An Ionic bond is form due to complete transfer of electrons.

Ex- NaCl , Alf3 etc

• LATTIS ENERGY (Uo)

》 The energy require to convert one mole of ionic solid into its gaseous ion is called latis energy.

• Use of lattis energy (Uo)

》 The solubility of ionic compounds depends on hydration energy and lattis energy.

• Hydration energy

》 A bore ion does not exist in solution ( bore : naked ion)

》 The energy release when an ion get dissolve in water is called hydration energy.

$\tt \: \: Hydration \: energy = \frac{q}{r} = \frac{Charge}{Radius}$

• Polarizibilty

》 A small cation favour covalancy ( covalent character) due to high polarizing power.

》 A large anion favour covalency due to low polarizing power.

》 Ions having high chagres favour covalency.

》 Ions having non-noble gases configuration have high polarizing power.

• Properties of ionic compound

》 Ionic compounds are solids.

》 Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water.

》 Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state but they conduct electricity when dissolved ibn water on in molten state.

》 Ionic bond is not a true bond. It is electrostatic force of attraction. Hence, ionic bonds are non-directional. so, ionic compounds have no-bond angle and hybridization.

• Octate rule

》 Lewis or electron dot structure.

▪ Find centrol atom

1] Bigger in size

2] Less electronegative

3] Valency

$\tt No. \: of \: bonds = \frac{8n - total \: v.e^{ - } }{2}$

• n = attain octate

• RESONANCE

》 Resonance is a theoretical quantum mechanical concept. Hence, it cannot be verified experimentally.

》 Resonating structure are imaginary structure but a resonance hybrid is a real structure.

》 In resonance the position of atoms doesn't change.

》 In resonance sigma bond does not takes part.

》 Only pie bond take part.

》 For resonance atoms must lie in same plane.

》 More resonating structure more will be the distribution of chagres. Hence, more will be the stability.

》 Resonance is required to explain the stablity and reactivity of the compounds.

• Coordination Bond

》 A coordination bond is a special type of covalent bond in which the shared electron pair is made available by only one atom.

• Condition

》 Donor atom must have lone pair

》 Accpetor must have vaccant orbital. Hence, a coordinate bond is formed between lewis base and lewis acid.

》 A coordinate bond is a sigma bond.

• BACKBONDING

• Conditions for back bonding

》 Donor atoms have lone pair.

》 Acceptor atom must have vaccant orbital.

》 Energy and the size of orbital must match with each other.

Note -

》 Same conditions are required for coordinate bond but the difference lies in the nature of bond. Coordinate bond is a sigma bond while the bond formed by backbonding is a pi-bond.

• Pi-bond

》 Formed by lateral overlap of orbitals.

》 Hybrid orbitals doesn't form pi-bonds.

》 Pure P or D orbitals form pi-bonds.

• Sigma-bond

》 Axial overlap

》 Sigma-bond is stronger than pi-bond because there is no nodes or nodal plane between the joining nucleus.

》 While pi-bond is weaker because there is a node between the nucleus.

• Dipole moment

》 It is a vector quantity.

》 It is reprented by $\tt \mu = q \times d$

Answer 2

What is Chemical bonding ?

The bond existing between two atoms by electron transfer or sharing is called chemical bond. Such bonds generate new molecules of new nature. Electrovalent, Covalent and Coordinate bond are the chemical bond which exists between two atoms.

A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms which allows the formation of chemical substances containing two or more atoms.

The bond is formed by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction.

Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents (such as atoms, ions) together in different chemical species.

Kossel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding

Lewis postulated that atoms attain the stable octet when they are chemically bonded$.$

Lewis symbols

Notations to represent valence electrons in an atom.