Question

i need the summary of the lesson sound

Answer 1

1. Sound : Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.

2. Source of sound and its propagation : A source of vibration motion of an object is normally a source of sound.

3. Characteristics of the medium required for the propagation of sound:

(i) Medium must be elastic so that the medium particles have the tendency to return back to their original positions after the displacement.

(ii) Medium must have the inertia so that its particles have the capacity to store the energy.

The frictional resistance of the medium should be negligible to minimise the loss of energy in propagation.

4. Types of waves

(i) Mechanical waves : A mechanical wave is a periodic disturbance which requires a material medium for its propagation.

(a) Transverse wave
(b) Longitudinal wave

(a) Transverse wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is known as the transverse wave.

(b) Longitudinal wave : When the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of propagation of the wave then the wave is known as the longitudinal wave.

(ii) Electromagnetic waves : The waves which do not require medium for propagation are called electromagnetic waves these waves can travel through vacuum also.

5. Characteristics of a sound wave

Frequency : The number of vibrations per second is called frequency.

The unit of frequency is hertz

(ii) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of each particle from its mean position is called amplitude.

The S.I. unit of amplitude is metre (m).

(iii) Time period: The time taken to complete one vibration is called time period.

Frequency= 1/(Time period) or v = 1/T

(iv) Wavelength: The distance between two nearest (adjacent) crests or troughs of a wave is called its wavelength.

(v) Velocity of wave: The distance travelled by a wave in one second is called velocity of the wave The S.I. unit for the velocity of a wave is m/s

(vi) Pitch : Pitch is the sensation of the frequency of an emitted sound and is the characteristic which distinguishes a shrill sound from a grave sound.

(vii) Loudness : It is a measure of the sound energy reaching the ear per second.

6. Reflection of sound : When sound waves strike a surface, they return back into the same medium. This phenomenon is called reflection.

7. Laws of reflection : Angle of incidence is equal the angle of reflection.

The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal all lie in the same plane.

8. Echo : Phenomenon of hearing back our own sound is called an echo. It is due to successive reflection from the surfaces obstacles of large size.

9. Relation between speed of sound, time of hearing echo and distance of reflection body :

speed of sound, v = 2d/t or d = vt/2

10. Conditions for the formation of Echoes
(i) The minimum distance between the source of sound and the reflecting body should be 17.2 metres.

(ii) The wavelength of sound should be less than the height of the reflecting body.

(iii) The intensity of sound should be sufficient so that it can be heard after reflection.

11. Reverberation : Persistence of sound after its production is stopped, is called reverberation.

12. Range of Hearing : The audible range of sound for human beings extends from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (one Hz = one cycle/s). Sounds of frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic sound or infrasound. Frequencies higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sound or ultra sound. Ultrasound is produced by dolphins.

13. Applications of ultrasound : The ultrasound is commonly used for medical diagnosis and therapy, and also as a surgical tool. It is also used in a wide variety of industrial applications and processes. Some creatures use ultrasound 

14. Sonar : SONAR means Sound Navigation Rang-ing. In this sound waves (ultrasonic) are used [microwaves are absorbed by water)]. Sound waves are emitted by a source. These waves travel in water with velocity v. The waves re-flected by targets (like submarine bottom sea) are detected.
Then the In formation of human ear