Question

i want a preface for my project topic INVITRO FERTILISATION

Answer 1

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a laboratory dish. In vitro means outside the body. Fertilization means the sperm has attached to and entered the egg.DescriptionNormally, an egg and sperm are fertilizedinside a woman's body. If the fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the womb and continues to grow, a baby is born about 9 months later. This process is called natural or unassisted conception.IVF is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART). This means special medical techniques are used to help a woman become pregnant. It is most often tried when other, less expensive fertility techniques have failed.There are five basic steps to IVF:Step 1: Stimulation, also called super ovulation*.Medicines, called fertility drugs, are given to the woman to boost egg production.*.Normally, a woman produces one egg per month. Fertility drugs tell the ovaries to produce several eggs.*.During this step, the woman will have regulartransvaginal ultrasoundsto examine the ovariesand blood tests to check hormone levels.Step 2: Egg retrieval*.A minor surgery, called follicular aspiration, is done to remove the eggs from the woman's body.*.The surgery is done as an outpatient procedure in the doctor's office most of the time. The woman will be given medicines so she does not feel pain during the procedure. Using ultrasound images as a guide, the health care provider inserts a thin needle through thevaginaand into the ovary and sacs (follicles) containing the eggs. The needle is connected to a suction device, which pulls the eggs and fluid out of each follicle, one at a time.*.The procedure is repeated for the other ovary. There may be some cramping after the procedure, but itwill go away within a day.*.In rare cases, apelvic laparoscopymay be needed to remove the eggs. If a woman does not or cannot produce any eggs, donated eggs may be used.Step 3: Insemination and Fertilization*.The man's sperm is placed together with the best quality eggs.The mixing of the sperm and egg is called insemination.*.Eggs and sperm are then stored in an environmentally controlled chamber. The sperm most often enters (fertilizes) an egg a few hours after insemination.*.If the doctor thinks the chance of fertilization is low, the sperm may be directly injected into the egg. This is called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).*.Many fertility programs routinely do ICSI on some of the eggs, even if things appear normal.Watch this video about:Intracytoplasmic sperm injectionStep 4: Embryo culture*.When the fertilized egg divides, it becomes an embryo. Laboratory staff will regularly check the embryo to make sure it is growing properly. Within about 5 days, a normal embryo has several cells that are actively dividing.*.Couples who have a high risk of passing a genetic (hereditary) disorder to a child may consider pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). The procedure is done about 3 to 4 days after fertilization.Laboratory scientists remove a single cell from each embryo and screen the material for specific genetic disorders.*.According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, PGD can help parents decide which embryos to implant. This decreases the chance of passing adisorder onto a child. The technique is controversial and not offered at all centers.Step 5: Embryo transfer*.Embryos are placed into the woman's womb 3 to 5 days after egg retrieval and fertilization.*.The procedure is done in the doctor's office while the woman is awake. The doctor inserts a thin tube (catheter) containing the embryos into the woman's vagina, through thecervix, and up into the womb. If an embryo sticks to (implants) in the lining of the womb and grows, pregnancy results.*.More than one embryo may be placed into the womb at the same time, which can lead to twins, triplets, or more. The exact numberof embryos transferred is a complex issue that depends on many factors, especially the woman's age.*.Unused embryos may be frozen and implanted or donated at a laterdate.