I want an essay on agriculture waste to wealth of 4000 words
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India is an agricultural based country. Farmers are the back bones of our nation. In early daysfarmers were using locally available natural materials like after harvest trashes, weeds, cow dungetc. as manure. Later on they started using chemical fertilizers in view of fast growth and goodyield. Though they got good results in early days, after 10-15 years of continuous use agriculturalland becomes barren, crops becomes less resistant to environmental conditions. To dispose theagriculture waste they started burning it and digest anaerobically in the land itself, which leadsto air pollution, release of obnoxious and green house gases. Use of chemicals as fertilizer is notonly expensive but also goes on accumulating in soil, crops, undergoes bio-magnification whichleads to health disorders. Chemical fertilizer is not feasible from economical, health,environmental point of view and for this Indian farmers are committing suicide, instead theycould use indigenous technology and improve agricultural land. In view of this a was studyconducted on agricultural waste management through vermicomposting. Representative sampleswere collected from a typical agricultural farm and allowed to decompose aerobically for about 22days and then transferred to vermipits. Chemical analysis of samples shows significant decreasein carbon content and good N,P,K in the final compost. Pre aerobic decomposition outside thevermipit cut off the leachate and odour problem in vermipit and also reduces the overall timerequired for composting. Present study gives bio-remedial recycling technology for agriculturalwaste which meets a part of agricultural input and also conserves the environment
Waste to wealth - Agriculture solid waste management study. India is an agricultural based country. Farmers are the back bones of our nation. ... To dispose the agriculture waste they started burning it and digest anaerobically in the land itself, which leads to air pollution, release of obnoxious and green house gases.
Studies were conducted on the solid waste collectedfrom a typical agricultural farm consists ofcommercial crops, food crops, flowers, fruits,livestock etc. Physical characteristics of the wastewere found out to check the feasibility of waste forcomposting. About 800kg of solid waste and 200 kgof Cowdung were used for the study. Earthworms ofspecies Perionyx excavatus, Eudrilus eugeniae, Eisceniafetida were collected from Karnataka CompostDevelopment Corporation, Bangalore. As theworms were already acclimatized to waste feeding,they are directly used for vermicomposting. For thisstudy both young and adult worms were used.These species of earthworms are capable ofinhabiting waste containing variety of organicmaterials, they were tolerant to temperaturevariation and they grow in faster rate, reproducerapidly (Fredrickson, 1997). Earth worms cannot eatraw waste. To make waste soft and favourable forearthworms feeding, waste were pre digested inlonger heaps for about 20 days. Aerobic conditionenhances the net production of short chain fattyacids and lowers pH (Raghunath Reddy, 2002).Hence to maintain aerobic conditions turning wasdone manually twice per week and watered onalternate days. Temperature of 40°C– 60°C wasmaintained in this period (Nedgwa, 2001). Moisturecontent maintained throughout the process was 40-60% (Engracia Madejon, 2002).Phase I: Favorable conditions for the introductionof earthworms taken for the study were reportedthat temperature <30°C and pH 7.0-8.5. To maintainthese conditions in vermipits, it was watered for3days, mainly to reduce the temperature of thewaste. A spray of thin cow dung slurry was done tomake waste palatable to worms and also to increasemicrobial population. About 1 kg of earthwormswas introduced to the pit. Moist gunny bags wereplaced on the top surface to maintain moisture andshade at the top layer of the waste.
Table 1. Physical Characteristics of Agricultural waste (%by Wet Weight)Parameter % by Parameter % byweight weightDry leaves 9.8 Weeds 5.9Vegetable waste 15.6 Fresh grass 10.2Sugarcane trash 10.7 Eucalyptus 2.2Bananna waste 12.5 Coconut waste 4.3Flowers 3.6 Parthenium 1.1Ashes 3 Others 13.8
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Agricultural wastes are excess of agricultural production that have not been effectively utilized. Most waste management approaches are methods of concentration of waste, such as source separation, biological waste treatment, incineration, or land disposal. Recycling, reprocessing, and utilization of the wastes in a positive manner offers the possibility of returning the excess to beneficial use as opposed to the traditional methods of waste disposal and relocation. The keys to successful process of this nature are a beneficial use, an adequate market, and an economical, although not necessarily profit-making process. Many such processes would be satisfactory if they caused the overall costs of waste management to be less than other alternatives. Any additional steps in utilization should repay extra stronger, processing and distribution costs that are incurred. A return greater than the extra cost of utilization is desirable in that is reduces the total cost of waste management but such reduction may not sufficient to result in an overall profit for the producer.
The utilization of waste materials from agricultural production operations can assist in reducing some waste management problems. Many examples can be citied. Fruit and vegetable wastes are being utilized as stock feed. Tomato skins and seeds have been dehydrated and use as part of animal feeds as have been corn husks, cobs, grapefruit, oranges and some of solids screened from the liquid wastes of other processes have been converted into a dried and pelletized for soil conditioners, animal feed supplement and fertilizer base. Peach pits have been converted into charcoal broquets.The use of horse manure as a medium for growing mushroom s is a specific agricultural by-product utilization.
Other possibilities that have been studied include paper-making from rice or cereal straw, chemicals such as furfural extracted from cereals straw tartarate from wine grape residue, and monosodium glutamate from bagasse. Several industries including soap, leather, glue, gelatin and animal feed manufacturing have been based on meat-packaging waste product. Biochemical such as hormones, vitamins and enzymes also have been produced from packinghouse residues. While these methods offer the possibility of waste utilization, they rarely solve the entire waste problem since the material produced or removed from the waste may be only a small component leaving the problem of managing a large volume of residue.
The amount of residue such as straw, leaves and tree limbs from crops and orchards is on the order of hundreds of millions of tons. In some areas drastic measures, such as burning, are used to dispose of troublesome residues and to control plant disease and weeds. Burning as a disposal method is being reduce and more of the material is being utilized by returning it to the soil as a mulch which is later plowed under. A small fraction of the residue, such as straw, and peanut hulls, is being used as a bedding for farm animals. This material eventually is returned to the soil.
Efforts are needed to develop methods to utilize additional excesses from agricultural production. All activities in this direction must be directed toward effective and economically feasible solutions and towards development of adequate markets for the usable by-products.
There are many utilization processes that can be used with agricultural waste. The fundamental of the processes and their real or potential application with agricultural wastes are indicated. The processes are compositing, drying and dehydration, by-product development, methane generation, and water reclamation.
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