i want full prose of FIRST ATOM BOMB BY MARCEL JUNAD
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In a study of war coverage between 2003 and 2007, Robert Entman et al. (2009)
identified three primary features of news coverage which inhibited understanding of
the unfolding war: “habitual deference” to official sources regardless of on the
ground conditions; the isolation of individual war policies from each other resulting
in “accountability gaps”; and, the eventual declining news value attached to
casualties and other consequences of the war. As the war continued, the misreporting
of events and the general neglect of Iraqi casualties as a news story is reflected in the
fact that polls in both the US and Britain find that public estimates of the Iraqi death
toll are staggeringly low (ComRes 2013; Kull et al. 2006).6
By 2008, coverage of the
war accounted for just three percent of US network television news and one percent
of cable network news (Ricchiardi 2008).
Dissent and Alternative Perspectives: Outside the United States, the preamble
to the Iraq War instigated unparalleled levels of opposition. According to the French
political scientist Dominique Reynié, some 36 million people took part in almost
3,000 world-wide anti-war demonstrations between January and April 2003
(Acharya & Katsumata 2011). Writing of these protests in the New York Times,
Patrick Tyler (2003) designated “world public opinion” to be the new superpower
rivalling the hegemony of the US. For others, the sheer scale of the opposition
appeared to form the bedrock of a global public sphere (Castells 2008; Reese 2011);
albeit one that failed to prevent the invasion (Shaw 2010). Many critics partly
attribute this failure to the sidelining of global protest movements and oppositional
voices by British and American mainstream news outlets (McQueen 2008; Robinson
& Taylor 2010).
Since the invasion, the news media entered a period of rapid transformation with
shifts in network news production (Klinenberg 2005) and, most notably, the
emergence of Arab news outlets (Lynch 2006; Mellor 2005; Seib 2009). The “soft
power” (Nye 1990) of British and American global news networks is now rivalled by
government backed English language TV services from China (CCTV), Russia (RT),
6
Estimates of the Iraqi death toll vary considerably and have proved highly controversial. A report in
the Lancet medical journal (Burnham et al. 2006) has placed the figure at over 600,000 between
March 2003 and June 2006 while the more conservative Iraq Body Count estimates less than 200,000
civilian casualties between March 2003 and March 2013. In the ComRes (2013) poll, 59% of
respondents estimated fewer than 10,000 Iraqis died as a result of the war
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