I want notes of chapter 7 Chapter name is Tribes , Nomads and settled communities class 7 please give notes
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Explanation:
Beyond Big Cities: Tribal Societies
Societies in the subcontinent-not follow the social rules-nor rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas-not divided into numerous unequal classes-called tribes-Members of each tribe united by kinship bonds-tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture-some were hunter-gatherers or herders- combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived-some were nomadic and moved from one place to another-tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly and divided these amongst households according to its own rules-Many large tribes thrived in different parts of the subcontinent- lived in forests, hills, deserts and places difficult to reach-clashed with the more powerful caste-based societies-tribes retained their freedom and preserved their separate culture- caste-based and tribal societies also depended on each other for their diverse needs.-relationship, of conflict and dependence caused both societies to change.
Who were Tribal People?
Contemporary historians and travellers give very scanty information about tribes-tribal people did not keep written records-they preserved rich customs and oral traditions-were passed down to each new generation- Present day historians use such oral traditions to write tribal histories- found in almost every region of the subcontinent-area and influence of a tribe varied at different points of time-powerful tribes controlled large territories-In Punjab, the Khokhar tribe very influential during the 13th and 14th centuries-Later, the Gakkhars became more important-chief, Kamal Khan Gakkhar was made a noble (mansabdar) by Emperor Akbar-In Multan and Sind, the Langahs and Arghuns dominated extensive regions- they were subdued by the Mughals-Balochis-large and powerful tribe in the north-west- divided into many smaller clans under different chiefs-In the western Himalaya lived the shepherd tribe of Gaddis-The distant north-eastern part of the subcontinent entirely dominated by tribes – the Nagas, Ahoms and many others. In many areas of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand, Chero chiefdoms emerged by the 12th century-Raja Man Singh, Akbar’s famous general, attacked and defeated the Cheros in 1591-large amount of booty taken from them, but were not entirely subdued-Under Aurangzeb, Mughal forces captured many Chero fortresses-subjugated the tribe-The Mundas and Santals among the other important tribes that lived in this region and also in Orissa and Bengal-Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka were home to Kolis, Berads and numerous others-Kolis lived in many areas of Gujarat-Further south there were large tribal populations of Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others- large tribe of Bhils was spread across western and central India-By the late 16th century, many of them had become settled agriculturists and some even zamindars-Many Bhil clans, nevertheless, remained hunter-gatherers-The Gonds were found in great numbers across the present-day states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
How Nomads and Mobile People Lived
Nomadic pastoralists-moved long distances with their animals-lived on milk and other pastoral products-exchanged wool, ghee, etc., with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils and other products-bought and sold these goods as they moved from one place to another, transporting them on their animals-Banjaras the most important trader nomads-caravan was called tanda-Sultan Alauddin Khalji used the Banjaras to transport grain to the city markets-Emperor Jahangir wrote in his memoirs that the Banjaras carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns- transported food grain for the Mughal army during military campaigns-With a large army, there could be 100,000 bullocks carrying grain-pastoral tribes reared and sold animals, such as cattle and horses, to the prosperous people-Different castes of petty pedlars also travelled from village to village- made and sold wares such as ropes, reeds, straw matting and coarse sacks-mendicants acted as wandering merchants- were castes of entertainers who performed in different towns and villages for their livelihood.