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Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
What is influenza?
Influenza is an infectious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. In humans the symptoms can include all or any of: headache, fever, cough, sore throat, aching muscles and joints and generally feeling unwell. Influenza is usually more severe than a simple cold and in some people becomes very severe as complications develop. Though the illness can also be mild, and sometimes infections take place with no symptoms at all (aymptomatic infections). So there is a wide rage of illness ranging from minor symptoms through to severe pneumonia which can be life threatening. These severe illnesses may be due to the influenza virus alone or because of other infections that occur because flu has lowered the body’s defences or the influenza can precipitates a heart attack or stroke in an already vulnerable person.
What is a pandemic?
A pandemic is the rapid spread of a new human influenza around the world. Influenza pandemics happen when a new strain of a flu virus appears which can infect humans, to which most people have no immunity and which can transmit efficiently from human to human. Pandemic influenza is therefore much more severe, in terms of the number of people who become ill and the number who die, than the outbreaks of ordinary flu which happen each winter in Europe. During a pandemic many millions of Europeans become infected and ill and a proportion of these will become very ill and die.
Definition of a Pandemic
The internationally accepted definition of a pandemic as it appears in the Dictionary of Epidemiology is straightforward and well-known: 'an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people'.
It should be noted that this definition can apply to other infections subject to such global spread, e.g. cholera and HIV. There is no element of severity in it: while some pandemics are severe in the disease they cause in some individuals or at a population level, not all pandemics are severe.
WHO developed a more technical set of requirements for a pandemic:
The emergence of influenza A virus significant different genetically from circulating human influenza A viruses (i.e. many of the population are non-immune to the new virus) with the following three characteristics:
Able to infect humans,
Able to cause disease in humans,
Able to spread from human to human quite easily.
There is no reason for which an influenza pandemic has to be more or less severe than the preceding interpandemic (seasonal) influenza. Severity has never been part of the WHO definition of a pandemic, although the pandemic virus has to be able to cause disease in at least some people. Hence once a pandemic starts it is important to assess the severity of the pandemic along a series of parameters using a Risk Based Approach such as the one developed by ECDC.
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