Question

i want to know the summary of ruling the country side

Answer 1

here is your answer

◆Hope this helps and pls pls mark as brainliest answer and don't forget to follow me

Answer 2

Answer:

• while the British slowly started to trade they permanently fixed an revenue from the zamindars to get some money .
• Many zamindar failed to pay the revenue so their lands were sold in auction .
• The market prices started to increase and these permanent revenues became easy to pay by the zamindars
• The collectors were said to go village to village to measure their lands and collect their revenues and pay it to the company .
• Munro went out of the permanently imposed revenues and collected the high revenues from there .
• the British persuaded or forced  cultivators in various parts of India to produce other  crops: jute in Bengal, tea in Assam, sugarcane in the  United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), wheat in Punjab,  cotton in Maharashtra and Punjab, rice in Madras.

How was this done? The British used a variety of  methods to expand the cultivation of crops that they  needed.

The indigo plant grows primarily in the tropics. By the

thirteenth century Indian indigo was being used by cloth

manufacturers in Italy, France and Britain to dye cloth.

However, only small amounts of Indian indigo reached

the European market and its price was very high.

European cloth manufacturers therefore had to depend

on another plant called woad to make violet and blue

dyes. Being a plant of the temperate zones, woad was

more easily available in Europe. It was grown in northern

Italy, southern France and in parts of Germany and

Britain. Worried by the competition from indigo, woad

producers in Europe pressurised their governments to

ban the import of indigo.

Cloth dyers, however, preferred indigo as a dye. Indigo

produced a rich blue colour, whereas the dye from woad

was pale and dull. By the seventeenth century, European

cloth producers persuaded their governments to relax

the ban on indigo import. The French began cultivating

indigo in St Domingue in the Caribbean islands, the

Portuguese in Brazil, the English in Jamaica, and the

Spanish in Venezuela. Indigo plantations also came up

in many parts of North America.

By the end of the eighteenth century, the demand for

Indian indigo grew further. Britain began to industrialise,

and its cotton production expanded dramatically, creating

an enormous new demand for cloth dyes. While the

demand for indigo increased, its existing supplies from

the West Indies and America collapsed for a variety of

reasons. Between 1783 and 1789 the production of

indigo in the world fell by half. Cloth dyers in Britain

now desperately looked for new sources of indigo supply.

From where could this indigo be procured?

From the last decades

of the eighteenth century

indigo cultivation in

Bengal expanded rapidly

and Bengal indigo came

to dominate the world

market. In 1788 only about

30 per cent of the indigo

imported into Britain was

from India. By 1810, the

proportion had gone up to

95 per cent.

As the indigo trade

grew, commercial agents

and officials of the

Company began investing

in indigo production. Over

the years many Company

officials left their jobs to

look after their indigo

business. Attracted by the prospect of high profits,

numerous Scotsmen and Englishmen came to India and

became planters. Those who had no money to produce

indigo could get loans from the Company and the banks

that were coming up at the time.

How was indigo cultivated?

There were two main systems of indigo cultivation – nij

and ryoti. Within the system of nij cultivation, the

planter produced indigo in lands that he directly

controlled. He either bought the land or rented it from

other zamindars and produced indigo by directly

employing hired labourers.

Till the late nineteenth century, planters were therefore

reluctant to expand the area under nij cultivation. Less

than 25 per cent of the land producing indigo was under

this system. The rest was under an alternative mode of

cultivation – the ryoti system.

Indigo on the land of ryots

Under the ryoti system, the planters

forced the ryots to sign a contract,

an agreement (satta). At times

they pressurised the village

headmen to sign the contract

on behalf of the ryots. Those

who signed the contract got

cash advances from the

planters at low rates of interest

to produce indigo. But the loan

committed the ryot to cultivating

indigo on at least 25 per cent of

the area under his holding.

The indigo villages were usually around indigo factories owned

by planters. After harvest, the indigo plant was taken to the

vats in the indigo factory. Three or four vats were needed to

manufacture the dye. Each vat had a separate function. The

leaves stripped off the indigo plant were first soaked in warm

water in a vat (known as the fermenting or steeper vat) for several

hours. When the plants fermented, the liquid began to boil and

bubble.