Question

(i) What is the difference between temporary hard water and permanent hard water?
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the removal of:
1. Permanent hardness
2. Temporary hardness

Answer 1

Hardness of water

Explanation:

Hard water contains dissolved magnesium and calcium ions. Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved calcium hydrogencarbonate and temporary  hardness can be removed by boiling. Permanent hardness is caused by dissolved calcium sulphate which is not removed by boiling.

Temporary hardness of water can be removed by heating the water. As water is heated, the calcium and magnesium carbonates are precipitated out of the water.

The calcium or magnesium ions present in water are exchanged with sodium ions in the permutit. Permutit method is used to remove permanent hardness from water.

Answer 2

Answer:

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