(i) Why do lithospheric plates move? (ii) What are exogenic and endogenic forces? (iii) How folding and faulting is caused? (iv) Discuss different types of volcanoes. (v) What are earthquakes? How is their magnitude measured? (vi) What is erosion? (vii) How are flood plains formed? (viii) What are sand dunes? (ix) How are sea cliff and beaches formed? (x) Discuss the work of glaciers as an agent of denudation.
Answers
Answer:
i) Plates at our planet's surface move because of the intense heat in the Earth's core that causes molten rock in the mantle layer to move. It moves in a pattern called a convection cell that forms when warm material rises, cools, and eventually sink down. As the cooled material sinks down, it is warmed and rises again
ii) Exogenic forces are the forces that work on the surface of the earth while endogenic forces are those forces that act in the interior of the earth.
iii) When the Earth's crust is pushed together via compression forces, it can experience geological processes called folding and faulting. Folding occurs when the Earth's crust bends away from a flat surface. A bend upward results in an anticline and a bend downward results in a syncline.
iv) There are three types of volcanoes: cinder cones (also called spatter cones), composite volcanoes (also called stratovolcanoes), and shield volcanoes. Figure 11.22 illustrates the size and shape differences amongst these volcanoes. Shield volcanoes, which get their name from their broad rounded shape, are the largest.
v) The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs. Adjustments are included for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the epicenter of the earthquakes.
vi) Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. ... Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water
vii) A floodplain is an area of land which is covered in water when a river bursts its banks. Floodplains form due to both erosion and deposition. Erosion removes any interlocking spurs , creating a wide, flat area on either side of the river.
viii) A Sand dune is a mound of sand formed by the wind, usually along the beach or in a desert. Dunes form when wind blows sand into a sheltered area behind an obstacle. Dunes grow as grains of sand accumulate. Every dune has a windward side and a slipface.
ix) Cliffs are usually formed because of processes called erosion and weathering. Weathering happens when natural events, like wind or rain, break up pieces of rock. ... On sea cliffs, sediment becomes part of the seafloor and is washed away with the waves. On inland cliffs, sediment is often carried away by rivers or winds.
x) Denudation Work of Glaciers:
Glaciers are the important source of denudation. ... Glaciers are found in mountains or near to high latitudes or at poles because temperature at these regions is below freezing point. These regions receive snowfall continuously even in shape of snowflakes.
Explanation:
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