Question

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The free electrons in a metal are gravitationally attracted towards the earth. Why, then,dont they all settle to the bottom of the conductor, like sediment to the bottom of a river??

Answer 1

they dont because other gases or elements present take up these electron as soon as they found them

Answer 2

If all free electrons fell down, then the positively charged nuclei at the top would have less electrons around them, giving rise to a strong electric field and an increase in potential energy of the system (which will never happen on its own). Basically, if a free electron leaves the region it is in, another one must come and replace it by entering the general area to balance out the forces. Failure to do so will create a hole, which will move around till it gets neutralized.

The same thing goes for moving all charges to a surface. When it comes to a conductor, only the "extra" charges must be at the surface. The body of the conductor must remain electrically neutral, and this can't happen if the free electrons move to the surface.


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