Question

Identify and explain Nationalist movements outside of the Western World.

Answer 1

Answer:

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The rise of nationalism in Europe initiated with the Spring of Nations in 1848. According to Leon- Baradat, nationalism calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state – a nation-state – to support those interests. Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, in a few decades, transformed Europe. Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments.[1] Some countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity". Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria, were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire

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Answer 2

Explanation:

Large political units are also better equipped to reap gains from internal trade. According to Lecours (2011) and Keating (1999Keating ( , 2012, the deepening of economic and political integration in the European Union (EU), with a common market and (for most member states) a joint currency, and as a provider of intra-European security may have facilitated regional secessionism by reducing the benefits of certain regions to pertain to a large nation state. ...

Large political units are also better equipped to reap gains from internal trade. According to Lecours (2011) and Keating (1999Keating ( , 2012, the deepening of economic and political integration in the European Union (EU), with a common market and (for most member states) a joint currency, and as a provider of intra-European security may have facilitated regional secessionism by reducing the benefits of certain regions to pertain to a large nation state. ...... Other factors fueling secessionism in such a context are the presence of powerful group grievances (Horowitz 1985;Anderson 2004), the generalization of majority ethnic symbols and political values (Coakley 1990), the granting of comparatively little territorial autonomy in the aftermath of conflict (Cederman et al. 2015), a lack of symbolic recognition for the minority (Basta 2018), institutionally weak states (Bakke 2015), or minority groups with unusual political leverage (Jenne et al. 2007). That is, the "freezing" of an inter-group conflict over territorial secession through enhanced autonomy potentially reduces the formal cost of actual secession radically, once institutions and quasi-state structures have been successfully set up (Lecours 2011). In addition, regional policy platforms give secessionist politicians an arena for identity-based electoral strategies (Collier and Hoeffler 2006), and incentives to secure the allocation of public resources via secession (Grossman and Lewis 2014). ...

Large political units are also better equipped to reap gains from internal trade. According to Lecours (2011) and Keating (1999Keating ( , 2012, the deepening of economic and political integration in the European Union (EU), with a common market and (for most member states) a joint currency, and as a provider of intra-European security may have facilitated regional secessionism by reducing the benefits of certain regions to pertain to a large nation state. ...... Other factors fueling secessionism in such a context are the presence of powerful group grievances (Horowitz 1985;Anderson 2004), the generalization of majority ethnic symbols and political values (Coakley 1990), the granting of comparatively little territorial autonomy in the aftermath of conflict (Cederman et al. 2015), a lack of symbolic recognition for the minority (Basta 2018), institutionally weak states (Bakke 2015), or minority groups with unusual political leverage (Jenne et al. 2007). That is, the "freezing" of an inter-group conflict over territorial secession through enhanced autonomy potentially reduces the formal cost of actual secession radically, once institutions and quasi-state structures have been successfully set up (Lecours 2011). In addition, regional policy platforms give secessionist politicians an arena for identity-based electoral strategies (Collier and Hoeffler 2006), and incentives to secure the allocation of public resources via secession (Grossman and Lewis 2014). ...... There is not a whole lot of quantitative empirical research that has dealt with the question whether fiscal decentralization helps mitigate secessionist conflict. Some studies explore the effect of decentralization on ethnic conflict and secessionism, but either employ case studies to demonstrate their arguments (Lecours 2011;Keating 2012;Bakke 2015), or focus on determinants of ethnic conflict in developing and democratizing countries (Collier and Hoeffler 2006;Alonso and Ruiz Rufino 2007;Bakke 2015;Cederman et al. 2015). Exceptions are Brancati (2006) and Sorens (2004Sorens ( , 2005Sorens ( , 2012, who investigate the role of fiscal federalism for secessionist voting in developed democracies: Sorens establishes the determinants of regional vote shares for secessionist parties in high-income democracies with time-series (Sorens 2004), and cross-sectional data (Sorens 2005).

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