identify the biggest mixture of element seawater coffee air tap water
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Matter is anything which has mass and occupies space. Examples of matter are books, phones, laptops, water, juices, coffee, air, Earth, Moon, Sun, and anything which is composed of atoms. Based on physical characteristics, we can classify matter into two main categories: pure substances and mixtures. Mixtures can further divide into homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures and pure substances into elements and compounds. The figure below explains the same.
Classification of matter: pure substance(element and compound) and mixture (homogeneous and heterogeneous)
Classification of Matter
Note: Classification of matter should not confuse with states of matter. A state of matter is a distinct form in which matter exists. The four fundamental states of matter are solid, liquid, gases, and plasma.
Pure Substances
A substance is a pure substance when all constituent particles of the substance have the same chemical properties. In pure substance, the composition of constituent particles is fixed i.e. it does not vary from sample to sample. Most of the substances that we use in our day to day life are not pure substances. Some of the examples of pure substances are water; metals like iron, copper, calcium, silver, gold etc; salts like sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, potassium nitrate etc; gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium etc.
copper is a pure substance. Gold is a pure substance. Calcium carbonate powder is a compound and classfied as a pure substance.
Nitrogen is a pure substance. water is a pure substance.
Examples of pure substances (clockwise from top left: copper dendrites, gold biscuits, calcium carbonate powder, a glass of pure water, and liquid nitrogen.)
[Image sources: Wikimedia, Flickr, and Pixabay]
Pure substances are normally not found in nature. But they are produced by industries, for example, refining of dore bar (semi-pure gold) by the Wohlwill process, extraction of calcium carbonate from a quarry, electrolysis of sodium chloride to produce hydrogen gas.
Consider a gold bar. Constituent particles in the gold bar are its atoms. Each atom in the gold bar is identical to other atoms and they all have the same chemical properties. Thus, we say it is a pure substance. Similarly, the constituent particles of pure water are its molecules (H2O). The water is represented by these molecules, which are identical and show the same chemical properties.
Based on the nature of constituent particles, we can subcategorise pure substances into elements and compounds.
Elements
Pure substances in which constituent particles are composed of the one type of atoms are called elements. Some of the examples are elements are sodium, calcium, silver, gold, sulphur, phosphorus, helium, neon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen &c. The constituent particles of elements can be atoms or molecules. Atoms include sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), silver (Ag), gold (Au), helium (He), neon (Ne). Molecules include hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), chlorine (Cl2) etc. The figure below depicts the same.
Elements and compounds
A representation of atoms (top three) and molecules (bottom three)
For an element, a constituent particle can consist of one or more atoms, but an important point is all the atoms should be the same type. As of 2019, there are 118 elements known to us, and they are listed in the modern periodic table. The most abundant elements in the universe are hydrogen and helium.
Compounds
When constituent particles of a pure substance are composed of different atoms, it is called a compound. Examples of compounds are water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), glucose (C6H12O6), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH) etc.
Compounds are made up of atoms of different elements
A representation of compounds
In compounds, two or more different atoms combine to form a constituent particle. The atoms of a constituent particle are chemically bonded to each other. We cannot separate the atoms of a constituent particle by any physical methods.
Elements can interact among themselves to form compounds, for example, hydrogen and oxygen react to form water. The properties of elements may or may not resemble its respective compound. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases while their compound water is liquid. Hydrogen is flammable and oxygen supports fire while water extinguishes the fire. It is interesting to note, just by combinations of a few elements, we can get countless compounds. Water is the most abundant compound not only in Earth but also in the entire universe.