Identify the disease .and the microorganism responsible for it .
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The process of infection can be broken down into stages, each of which can be blocked by different defense mechanisms. In the first stage, a new host is exposed to infectious particles shed by an infected individual. The number, route, mode of transmission, and stability of an infectious agent outside the host determines its infectivity. Some pathogens, such as anthrax, are spread by spores that are highly resistant to heat and drying, while others, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are spread only by the exchange of bodily fluids or tissues because they are unable to survive as infectious agents outside the body.
The first contact with a new host occurs through an epithelial surface. This may be the skin or the internal mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastro-intestinal, and urogenital tracts. After making contact, an infectious agent must establish a focus of infection. This involves adhering to the epithelial surface, and then colonizing it, or penetrating it to replicate in the tissues (Fig. 10.2, left-hand panels). Many microorganisms are repelled at this stage by innate immunity. We have discussed the innate immune defense mediated by epithelia and by phagocytes and complement in the underlying tissues in Chapter 2. Chapter 2 also discusses how NK cells are activated in response to intracellular infections, and how a local inflammatory response and induced cytokines and chemokines can bring more effector cells and molecules to the site of an infection while preventing pathogen spread into the blood. These innate immune responses use a variety of germline-encoded receptors to discriminate between microbial and host cell surfaces, or infected and normal cells. They are not as effective as adaptive immune responses, which can afford to be more powerful on account of their antigen specificity. However, they can prevent an infection being established, or failing that, contain it while an adaptive immune response develops.
Answer:
MICROBES AND DISEASE
A few harmful microbes, for example less than 1% of bacteria, can invade our body (the host) and make us ill. Microbes cause infectious diseases such as flu and measles.
There is also strong evidence that microbes may contribute to many non–infectious chronic diseases such as some forms of cancer and coronary heart disease. Different diseases are caused by different types of micro-organisms. Microbes that cause disease are called pathogens.
It is important to remember that:
A pathogen is a micro-organism that has the potential to cause disease.
An infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual or population.
Disease is when the infection causes damage to the individual’s vital functions or systems.
An infection does not always result in disease!