identify the duties asssigned to the lead-acid storage battery directions enumerate the duties assigned to the storage battery (5 type)
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The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté and is the earliest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by starter motors.
Lead–acid battery
Photo-CarBattery.jpg
Lead–acid car battery
Specific energy
35–40 Wh/kg[1]
Energy density
80–90 Wh/L[1]
Specific power
180 W/kg[2]
Charge/discharge efficiency
50–95%[3]
Energy/consumer-price
7 (sld) to 18 (fld) Wh/US$[4]
Self-discharge rate
3–20%/month[5]
Cycle durability
<350 cycles[6]
Nominal cell voltage
2.1 V[7]
Charge temperature interval
Min. −35 °C, max. 45 °C
As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead–acid batteries are widely used even when surge current is not important and other designs could provide higher energy densities. In 1999 lead–acid battery sales accounted for 40–45% of the value from batteries sold worldwide (excluding China and Russia), equivalent to a manufacturing market value of about $15 billion.[8] Large-format lead–acid designs are widely used for storage in backup power supplies in cell phone towers, high-availability settings like hospitals, and stand-alone power systems. For these roles, modified versions of the standard cell may be used to improve storage times and reduce maintenance requirements. Gel-cells and absorbed glass-mat batteries are common in these roles, collectively known as VRLA (valve-regulated lead–acid) batteries.
In the charged state, the chemical energy of the battery is stored in the potential difference between the pure lead at the negative side and the PbO2 on the positive side, plus the aqueous sulfuric acid. The electrical energy produced by a discharging lead–acid battery can be attributed to the energy released when the strong chemical bonds of water (H2O) molecules are formed from H+ ions of the acid and O2− ions of PbO2.[9] Conversely, during charging, the battery acts as a water-splitting device.