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Q) difference between constitutional monarchy and despotic rule of Louis 16.
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Answer:
Difference between constitutional monarchy and despotic rule:-
1)constitutional monarchy
A system of government in which a country is ruled by a king and queen whose power is limited by a constitution
2)Despotism
It is government by a singular authority either a single person or tightly knit group which rules with absolute power.
Louis XVI ascended the throne of France in the year 1774. He became the emperor of France at the time when the treasury of France was empty.
The long years of conflict had exhausted the economic reserves of France.
French revolution started in 1789. The series of events started by the middle class shook the upper classes. The people revolted against the cruel regime of monarchy. This revolution put forward the ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality. The revolution began on 14th July, 1789 with the storming of the fortress-prison, the Bastille. The Bastille was hated by all, because it stood for the despotic power of the king. The fortress was demolished.
Causes of the French Revolution:
Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates. First two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempt from paying taxes. The Third estate comprises of businessmen, merchants, Peasants and artisans, labours had to pay taxes to the state.
Political Causes: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion livres. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes which angered the people.
Economic Problems: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. The price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.
Strong Middle Class: A new middle class emerged educated and wealthy during the eighteenth century. They believed that no group in society should be given privileges by birth. Ideas of equality and freedom were put forward by philosophers. The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee houses and spread among people.
Immediate Causes: On 5 may, 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. Third estates protested against this proposal but as each estate have one vote, the king rejected this appeal. They walked out of the assembly.