if India have good monarch since country got independence what could be possibly differences?
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THE DEBATE
India Is a Republic, But Could It Have Been a Monarchy?
It’s not unimaginable that India could have emerged as a constitutional monarchy.
By Akhilesh Pillalamarri
January 27, 2016
Credit: British Library via Wikimedia CommonsADVERTISEMENT
On January 26, India celebrated Republic Day, which commemorates the adoption of its constitution in 1950. This constitution, still in force, established a parliamentary model with a figurehead president. Republic Day is always a major celebration in India, featuring invited heads of state such as Barack Obama (and this year François Hollande), because it commemorates the end of India’s status as a dominion under the rule of the British monarch.Canada and Australia are Commonwealth realms, still ruled by the same person who serves as the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland today; this was the case in India between 1947 and 1950. Neighboring Pakistan only became a republic in 1956, so thus Queen Elizabeth II was, for a time, the Queen of Pakistan. Imagine that!
History took the path it did, but could India have instead retained a monarchic form of government, albeit under a native monarch? At the time of independence, there were 565 princely states in India, some of whom had high rank and ruled extensive lands, while others ruled a mere few villages. India could have chosen a constitutional monarch from an illustrious family, most probably from descendants of the Mughals or the Marathas, the last two major Indian dynasties that spanned most of the subcontinent and were viewed as legitimate by princely families and the population alike.
Alternatively, India could have set up a system similar to that which was later set up by two other former British colonies with native princes: Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. Malaysia contains nine hereditary states, the rulers of which elect the king, Yang di-Pertuan Agong, of Malaysia from among themselves for a five-year term. Likewise, the president of the United Arab Emirates is elected from among one of the seven hereditary emirs of the constituent emirates.
There is no doubt that democracy is uniquely suited to India relative to other non-Western societies. Its people are argumentative and it has many loci of power whose leaders can use the democratic system to keep on rotating in and out of office, like a giant game of musical chairs. Ancient India had oligarchic republics. Its monarchies were never absolute in the Chinese or Russian sense — Indian rulers had to uphold dharma, or righteousness; otherwise they could be legitimately removed. Indian villages always governed themselves through local councils. Yet permeating this was always a monarchical form of government that was, in a sense, part of the sacred order of things that also enabled representative councils at the village level made up of representatives of all castes.
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On January 26, India celebrated Republic Day, which commemorates the adoption of its constitution in 1950. This constitution, still in force, established a parliamentary model with a figurehead president. Republic Day is always a major celebration in India, featuring invited heads of state such as Barack Obama (and this year François Hollande), because it commemorates the end of India’s status as a dominion under the rule of the British monarch.Canada and Australia are Commonwealth realms, still ruled by the same person who serves as the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland today; this was the case in India between 1947 and 1950. Neighboring Pakistan only became a republic in 1956, so thus Queen Elizabeth II was, for a time, the Queen of Pakistan. Imagine that!
History took the path it did, but could India have instead retained a monarchic form of government, albeit under a native monarch? At the time of independence, there were 565 princely states in India, some of whom had high rank and ruled extensive lands, while others ruled a mere few villages. India could have chosen a constitutional monarch from an illustrious family, most probably from descendants of the Mughals or the Marathas, the last two major Indian dynasties that spanned most of the subcontinent and were viewed as legitimate by princely families and the population alike.
Alternatively, India could have set up a system similar to that which was later set up by two other former British colonies with native princes: Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. Malaysia contains nine hereditary states, the rulers of which elect the king, Yang di-Pertuan Agong, of Malaysia from among themselves for a five-year term. Likewise, the president of the United Arab Emirates is elected from among one of the seven hereditary emirs of the constituent emirates.
There is no doubt that democracy is uniquely suited to India relative to other non-Western societies. Its people are argumentative and it has many loci of power whose leaders can use the democratic system to keep on rotating in and out of office, like a giant game of musical chairs. Ancient India had oligarchic republics. Its monarchies were never absolute in the Chinese or Russian sense — Indian rulers had to uphold dharma, or righteousness; otherwise they could be legitimately removed. Indian villages always governed themselves through local councils. Yet permeating this was always a monarchical form of government that was, in a sense, part of the sacred order of things that also enabled representative councils at the village level made up of representatives of all castes.
In the Hindu-Buddhist traditions as well as the Perso-Islamic traditions of South Asia, monarchy is the only legitimate form of government. Following the Persian traditions, the Mughals argued that “royalty is a light emanating from god, and a ray from the sun called farr-i-izidi (the divine light).” This farr is a special grace that can be bestowed on a good ruler that then spreads prosperity and hope throughout the land; alternatively, it can be withdrawn from an unjust ruler. The Hindu-Buddhist traditions also come down strongly on the side of monarchy, much of which is inspired by the story of Rama in the Ramayana, which portrays him and his reign as the ideal form of political organization. The reverence shown to the Thai and Bhutanese monarchies as well as the Hindu right’s dream of a new Rama Rajya (reign of Rama) are all inspired by these ideals. The Hindu epic, the Mahabharata, also explains the origin and theory of kingship: