Question

If involuntary action is controlled by spinal cord. Spinal cord is also controlled by brain. Why we cannot say involuntary action is controlled by brain?

Answer 1

Spinal cord is controlled by brain when we take some concious action but in case of unconcious action like withdrawing hand from hot stove referred to as reflex action the impulse reaches from sensory neurons to interneurons to effector neurons to effector organs without involving thinking to prevent damage.