Question

(ii) How are food deserts and major food retailer chains related

(ii) What difficulties do people who live in high-poverty areas face?
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Answer 1

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① Food deserts are associated with lower quality diets and higher obesity rates. One hypothesis for their emergence is that retailers avoid food deserts because demand side factors such as low income limit demand for healthy foods.

② Residing in a neighborhood of concentrated poverty may also compound the difficulty that poor families face in escaping poverty because in these neighborhoods, housing values remain low, chances of criminal victimization remain higher, high-paying jobs are less available.

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Answer 2

Answer:

i . Food deserts” in British cities are partly the result of the expansion of multiple food retailing. New large stores force smaller stores to close down, thus depriving local residents of food shopping opportunities. Examines this proposition through an analysis of changes in consumer access to food shopping in Cardiff over the last 20 years. Shows that although accessibility scores have increased in Cardiff since 1980 they have increased at a faster rate in higher income areas. In a pocket of deprived areas accessibility has declined over the decade. Thus, there has been a polarisation effect with a widening gap in accessibility scores across the city.

ii . The idea that society’s ills are concentrated in certain areas and communities has a

long history. It arises from notions of association and contamination, congregation,

inheritance and environmental influence. Destitute, poor or criminal people are

believed to seek refuge in certain areas because there is nowhere else for them to go.

Those already living there are believed to be contaminated by the anti-social values

and practices of those coming into their midst, just as disease spreads in crowded

conditions. Children are believed to have no chance of escaping the limitations of

the families, environment and culture into which they are born and live. For such

reasons, poverty, criminality and disadvantage are believed to be heavily

concentrated and deeply rooted in particular communities.1

The idea is important historically and contemporaneously.2

It affects government

policies as much as explanations of poverty. Thus, the assumption in the United

States that there were geographical ‘pockets’ of poverty in scattered areas in which

there was both economic recession or depression and inadequate housing and

welfare services led to the ‘grey areas’ programme of the Ford Foundation in the

early 1960s and the community action programmes financed by the US government

in its War on Poverty in the mid and late 1960s.3

In the United Kingdom, the same