III. Answer the following questions in brief
1. What happens when yeast is added to dough?
2. Why is a cyst formed in some micro-organisms?
3. What does brown algae owe its name to?
4. Which organism shows a symbiotic relationship with its partners
5. What do you mean by food poisoning?
6. Which protozoan can photosynthesise, and why?
7. What are the various shapes of bacteria?
8. How does a paramaecium feed and move?
Answers
Q. 1
Yeast makes dough rise
As soon as these ingredients are stirred together, enzymes in the yeast and the flour cause large starch molecules to break down into simple sugars. The yeast metabolizes these simple sugars and exudes a liquid that releases carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol into existing air bubbles in the dough.
Q. 2
Unfavorable environmental conditions trigger the making of a cyst. These include the lack of nutrients or oxygen, extreme temperatures, lack of moisture and presence of toxic chemicals, which are not good for the growth of the microbe.
Q. 3
Most brown algae contain the pigment fucoxanthin, which is responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color that gives them their name
Q. 4
Any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, may be of the same or of different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms". The term was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in lichens; biologists have now abandoned that restriction.
Q. 5
illness caused by bacteria or other toxins in food, typically with vomiting and diarrhoea.
Q. 6
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall, as found in plants and many algae.
Q. 7
There are three basic shapes of bacteria: coccus, bacillus, and spiral. Based on planes of division, the coccus shape can appear in several distinct arrangements: diplococcus, streptococcus, tetrad, sarcina, and staphylococcus.
Q. 8
Paramecia feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. To gather food, the Paramecium makes movements with cilia to sweep prey organisms, along with some water, through the oral groove (vestibulum, or vestibule), and into the cell.
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