IIIustrate five rules of writing Roman numerals
Answers
Answer:
Rule 1: The roman digits I, X and C are repeated upto three times in succession to form the numbers.
(a) We know the value of I = 1, value of X is 10 and value of C is 100.
(b) The value of I, X and C are added as:
I = 1
II = 1 + 1 = 2
III = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
X = 10
XX = 10 + 10 = 20
C = 100
CC = 100 + 100 = 200
CCC = 100 + 100 + 100 = 300
(c) No digit is repeated in succession more than thrice, i.e., I, X and C cannot be repeated more than 3 times.
(d) The digits V, L and D are not repeated. The repetition of V, L and D is invalid in the formation of numbers.
Rule 2: (a) When a digit of lower value is written to the right or after a digit of higher value, the values of all the digits are added. As:
VI = 5 + 1 = 6
VII = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7
VIII = 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 8
XI = 10 + 1 = 11
XII = 10 + 1 + 1 = 12
XV = 10 + 5 = 15
XVI = 10 + 5 + 1 = 16
LX = 50 + 10 = 60
LXV = 50 + 10 + 5 = 65
(b) Value of similar digits are also added as indicated in rule 1
III = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
XX = 10 + 10 = 20
Rule 3: When a digit of lower value is written to the left or before a digit of higher value, then the value of the lower digit is subtracted from the value of the digit of higher value. As:
IV = 5 - 1 = 4
IX = 10 - 1 = 9
XL = 50 - 10 = 40
XIV = 10 + (5 - 1) = 14
XIX = 10 + (10 - 1) = 19
XXIX = 10 + 10 + (10 - 1) = 29
XLV = (50 - 10) + 5 = 45
CLIX = 100 + 50 + (10 - 1) = 159
Rule 4: (a) If we have to write the numbers beyond 10 we should write the number 10 or groups of number 10 and then number 1 or 5 as the case may be. Then these numbers are used to change to the corresponding Roman numerals. As:
12 = 10 + 2 = 1 0 + 1 + 1 = XII
20 = 10 + 10 = XX
22 = 10 + 10 +1 + 1= XXII
26 = 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 = XXVI
39 = 10 + 10 + 10 + (10 - 1) = XX XIX
37 = 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = XX XVII
(b) According to this pattern, numbers higher than number 40 are also formed:
43 = (50 - 10) + 1 +1 + 1= XLIII
56 = 50 + 5 + 1 = LVI
59 = 100 + 50 + (10 - 1) = CLIX
1238 = 1000 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = MCCXX XVIII
Rule 5: If a horizontal line is drawn over the symbols or digits of Roman numerals, then the value of the numerals becomes 1000 times. As:
XV = 15 but XV = 15000,
CLV = 155 but CLV = 155000
Step-by-step explanation:
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