iktibar yang boleh diperoleh daripada perkembangan tamadun awal manusia
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Answer:
Istilah peradaban merujuk kepada masyarakat yang kompleks, tetapi definisi khusus dipertentangkan.
Kemunculan tamadun bergantung kepada keupayaan beberapa penempatan pertanian untuk secara konsisten menghasilkan lebihan makanan, yang membolehkan sesetengah orang menjadi pakar dalam kerja bukan pertanian, yang seterusnya membolehkan pengeluaran, perdagangan, penduduk, dan stratifikasi sosial meningkat.
Tamadun pertama muncul di lokasi di mana geografi sangat menguntungkan untuk pertanian yang intensif.
Kerajaan dan negara muncul sebagai penguasa yang mendapat kawalan ke atas kawasan yang lebih besar dan lebih banyak sumber, sering menggunakan tulisan dan agama untuk menjaga hierarki sosial dan menyatukan kuasa ke kawasan dan populasi yang lebih besar.
Penulisan dibenarkan untuk kod undang-undang, kaedah penyimpanan rekod yang lebih baik, dan kelahiran sastera, yang menimbulkan penyebaran amalan budaya bersama di kalangan penduduk yang lebih besar.
Answer:
Robert Owen (/ˈoʊɪn/; 14 May 1771 – 17 November 1858) was a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropic social reformer, and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. Owen is best known for his efforts to improve the working conditions of his factory workers and his promotion of experimental socialistic communities. In the early 1800s Owen became wealthy as an investor and eventual manager of a large textile mill at New Lanark, Scotland. He initially trained as a draper in Stamford, Lincolnshire, and worked in London before relocating at the age of 18 to Manchester and going into business as a textile manufacturer. In 1824, Owen travelled to America, where he invested the bulk of his fortune in an experimental socialistic community at New Harmony, Indiana, the preliminary model for Owen's utopian society. The experiment was short-lived, lasting about two years. Other Owenite utopian communities met a similar fate. In 1828, Owen returned to the United Kingdom and settled in London, where he continued to be an advocate for the working class. In addition to his leadership in the development of cooperatives and the trade union movement, he also supported passage of child labour laws and free, co-educational schools......................................
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