Imagine an ideal (carnot) refrigerator that keeps helium in its liquid state, at a temperature of about 4.00 k. The refrigerator, with the helium container inside, is in a laboratory where the temperature is about 294 k. Because of the imperfection of the insulation, 2.00 j of heat is absorbed by the refrigerator each hour. How much electrical energy e must be used by the refrigerator to maintain a temperature of 4.00 k inside for one hour?
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145 j/hour electrical energy is required
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