imagine yourself to be the judge who is listening to the argument put forth by mouth and squirrel
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Answer:
Chapter 1: Thinking Critically about the Logic of Arguments
Logic and critical thinking together make up the systematic study of reasoning, and reasoning is
what we do when we draw a conclusion on the basis of other claims. In other words, reasoning is
used when you infer one claim on the basis of another. For example, if you see a great deal of
snow falling from the sky outside your bedroom window one morning, you can reasonably
conclude that it’s probably cold outside. Or, if you see a man smiling broadly, you can
reasonably conclude that he is at least somewhat happy. In both cases, you are reasoning from
evidence to a conclusion.
We use reasoning all the time, but sometimes we make a mess out of it. Whether a line of
reasoning is good or not is definitely more than “just a matter of opinion.” Surely the reasoning
in the following arguments is not compelling:
* My four-year-old niece says that the planet Mars is smaller than Jupiter. It must thereby be the
case that Mars is smaller than Jupiter.
* Some women are baseball fans. And some mothers are baseball fans. Thus, all women are
mothers.
* An earthquake occurred in San Francisco five minutes after the senator’s speech there. Thus
that senator’s voice causes natural disasters.
But the reasoning in the next set of arguments is better, yes?
* All bears are mammals. Grizzlies are bears. Thus grizzlies are mammals.
* If Jimmy Carter was the U.S. President, then he was a politician. Carter was indeed the U.S.
President. Thus, Carter was a politician.
* It has rained in Seattle, Washington every year for the past 100 years. Thus it will probably
rain there next year.
Some examples of reasoning are clearly better than others. The study of logic and critical
thinking are designed to make us better at recognizing good from bad lines of argumentation.
An argument consists of one or more statements, called premises, offered as reason to believe
that a further statement, called the conclusion, is true. Technically speaking, premises and
conclusions should be made up of statements. A statement is a sentence that declares something
to be true or false. They are thus sometimes called declarative sentences. A sentence is a
grammatically correct string of words, and there are many kinds of sentences other than
statements. Questions (e.g., “What is your name?”), commands (e.g., “Turn to page three”), and
exclamations (e.g., “Ouch!”) are all grammatically correct sentences that are not statements.
They are not statements because it makes no sense to say they are true or false. (“What is your
name?” “That’s true!” This would be a ridiculous mini-conversation.) Statements will always be
true or false, never both, and never neither. We may disagree on whether a given statement is
true (e.g., “God exists”), or we may not be able to determine whether a statement is true or false
Explanation:
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