Immune system of a 60 year old person is not working. Why does this happen?
Name the endocrine gland and its hormone that affect the immune system of the
body
Answers
The immune system is a host defense system that integrates many biological structures and processes to protect an organism from invading pathogens. Overall, the immune response is a combination of multiple mechanisms that include innate immunity (phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells, or cytotoxicity by natural killer cells) and adaptive immunity (antibody-dependent complement or cell mediated cytotoxicity by T-cells that recognize heat shock proteins and cytotoxicity by CD4 or CD8 T cells) (1). Briefly, antigens taken up by antigen presenting cells (APCs) are presented to T-cells through binding with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the APCs surface and co-stimulation by several critical molecules. Activated CD4 helper T-cells stimulate the release of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) that induce T-cell proliferation and activation, killer cell activity in CD8 suppressor T-cells and stimulation of B-cells to differentiate to plasma cells and produce antibodies. Cytokines are small molecules that assist the immune system by triggering, maintaining and amplifying immune responses (1). In addition, immunosurveillance is a process during which immune cells recognize and eliminate cancer cells and there is a dynamic interaction between immune system and cancer cells that influences all stages of tumorigenesis. (2)
Naïve T-cells differentiate in two subsets that produce different cytokines and regulate distinct immune functions. T-helper 1 (Th1) cells produce mainly interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-12 to regulate cell mediated responses while T-helper 2 (Th2) cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in order to provide help for antibody production (3). Type 1 cytokines are pro-inflammatory and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, whereas type 2 cytokines are anti-inflammatory. However, newly discovered T-cells subsets such as Th22 and Th17 may also play a role in autoimmune diseases (4).
The immune system is constantly confronted with various molecules and recognize them as foreign substances that need to be destroyed or as self-components that should not trigger an immune response. In order to ensure that no self-molecules cause an immune response, multiple mechanisms are involved to maintain central and peripheral B and T-cell tolerance (1). Disorders of the immune system can lead to autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, or cancer.
Multiple studies have shown that the endocrine system is under the regulation of immune processes. This has been observed for autoimmune endocrine diseases such as autoimmune thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1), and Addison’s disease as well as for endocrine malignancies such as papillary thyroid cancer (5-7). Defects of the processes ensuring immune cell tolerance resulting in an adaptive immune response to a self-antigen are related to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases whereas environmental factors are also considered to be involved (8). Furthermore, a mixture of immune cells and mediators such as chemokines and cytokines has been described to play a critical role in thyroid cancer progression and is associated with patient clinical outcome. (9)
The purpose of this chapter is to review the effect of immune process on endocrine organs and diseases and comment on possible therapeutic implications of immune mechanisms in endocrine disorders.
Answer:
The thymus gland, despite containing glandular tissue and producing several hormones, is much more closely associated with the immune system than with the endocrine system
The thymus gland produces several hormones including:
thymopoietin and thymulin, which are hormones that assist in the process where T cells differentiate into different types.
thymosin, which accentuates the immune response as well as stimulating pituitary hormones such as growth hormone.
Explanation:
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