Impact of population density in children development
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Even in rural areas, high population density can support the evolution of nonfarm industries, often closely linked to urban markets. More generally, whether increasedpopulation density exhibits positive or negative effects depends on the magnitude of demand-driven migration inflows versus supply-driven natural growth.
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Studies on child health in developing countries often find that children are healthier in urban areas than in rural areas. There are many reasons for this disparity. People in urban areas tend to be richer and better educated. Further, more densely populated places are more likely to have easier access to health services that matter for child survival and development, such as trained doctors, maternal care, and medicines.
However, dense settlement is not always advantageous for child health. Recent research in economics, epidemiology, and public health suggests that open defecation—the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet or latrine—is an important cause of infant mortality and child stunting in developing countries today (Humphrey, 2009; Fink et al., 2011, Spears, 2013). Open defecation has strong negative health externalities: it spreads infectious diseases including diarrhea, polio, cholera, and parasites, and its consequences are worse where people live close together and are very likely to encounter their neighbors’ germs.
In recent research, we use Demographic and Health Surveys to assess the extent to which the associations between population density and child health outcomes, like infant mortality and child height, are moderated by exposure to local or community-level sanitation behavior .