importance of hopes apparatus in daily life?
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It is a common experience that when a liquid is heated, it expands, irrespective of the temperature range. However, water is an exception. When water at 0 ºC is heated, it contracts till 4 ºC, instead of expanding. On further heating from 4 ºC, water expands like other liquids do. The special behaviour of water between 0ºC and 4ºC is called the anomalous behaviour of water.
In the year 1805, the scientist T. C. Hope devised a simple arrangement, known as Hope’s apparatus, to demonstrate the anomalous behaviour of water.
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➠➠This apparatus is used to determine the temperature at which water has the maximum density. Thick sheet metal construction with baked hammertone finish.
➠➠Hope's apparatus consists of a vertical vessel full of water surrounded round the middle by a trough of cooling ice. Two thermometers, one above and one below the trough, measure the temperature of the water. It is designed to demonstrate that water reaches its maximum density at 4 °C (39 °F).
➠➠As the water in the central part of the vessel cools towards 4 °C (39 °F) (and thus becomes denser) it sinks to the bottom of the vessel, displacing the warmer water. The lower thermometer will then read a constant 4 °C (39 °F). Further cooling towards 0 °C (32 °F) will cause the now less dense water to rise to the top of the vessel, where the upper thermometer will then read a constant 0 °C
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