Question

Importance of women different era of hindi literature in hindi

Answer 1

Adikal

Adikal Literature of Hindi belong to the period between 10th to 14th centuries.

The poetry of this period either highlights certain religious ideologies or praises the heroic deeds of the Rajput rulers and warriors in the form of verse-narratives (raso-kavyas). Thus the era is noted for heroic poems of eulogies which include Chandbardai’s Prithviraj Raso, Dalpativijay’s Khuman Raso, Narpati Nalha’s Visaldev Raso and Jagnik’s Parmal Raso

The earliest poetry of this period is represented by the Apabhramsha poetry, which includes the Siddha literature, Nath literature and the Jain literature.

Siddha literature was written in the popular language and this echoed devotional themes combined with a strong erotic feeling.

The Nath literature represents the mystico-devotional poetry, written between the 7th and the 14th century by the poet Gorakhnath and his followers, using the doha and the chaupai styles.

Jain poets like Swayambhu, Som Datt Suri, Sharang Dhar and Nalla Singh composed the Charit Kavyas, which propagate moral tenets and portrayals of nature.

Bhakti Kal

Bhakti Kal refers to the period between the 14th and the 17th century. This period saw the rise of the Bhakti Kavyas (devotional poetry).

The Bhakti Kal poetry is divided into Nirguna and Saguna Schools depending upon the devotional attitude of the poets towards the Lord.

The Nirgunas believed in a formless god, while the Sagunas believed in a human incarnation of god.

The Nirgunas have been further divided into two groups on the basis of the different sadhanas (disciplines) followed by them.

One group includes Kabir, Guru Nanak, Dharma Das, Maluk Das, Dadudayal, Sunder Das etc, who emphasised on monotheism through their Sakhis (couplets) and Padas (songs).

Another group of the Nirguna poets was of the Sufi poets, who believed that love was the path of realising God. These included Jayasi, Manjhan, Kutuban and Usman.

The Saguna poets are either the followers of Rama or Krishna. Tulsi Das depicted Rama as the Ideal Man in his classical works Ramacharitamanasa, Gitavali, Kavitavali and Vinay Patrika. Surdas was greatest among the Krishna followers. His Sur Sagar and Sur Saravali are the masterpieces of devotional Hindi poetry. Other poets of this category included Parmananda and Meera Bai.