important features of town planning of meso
masopotamia
Answers
The Sumerians were the first society to construct the city itself as a built and advanced form. They were proud of this achievement as attested in the Epic of Gilgamesh which opens with a description of Uruk—its walls, streets, markets, temples, and gardens. Uruk itself is significant as the center of an urban culture which both colonized and urbanized western Asia.
The construction of cities was the end product of trends which began in the Neolithic Revolution. The growth of the city was partly planned and partly organic. Planning is evident in the walls, high temple district, main canal with harbor, and main street. The finer structure of residential and commercial spaces is the reaction of economic forces to the spatial limits imposed by the planned areas resulting in an irregular design with regular features. Because the Sumerians recorded real estate transactions it is possible to reconstruct much of the urban growth pattern, density, property value, and other metrics from cuneiform text sources.
The typical city divided space into residential, mixed use, commercial, and civic spaces. The residential areas were grouped by profession.[4] At the core of the city was a high temple complex always sited slightly off of the geographical center. This high temple usually predated the founding of the city and was the nucleus around which the urban form grew. The districts adjacent to gates had a special religious and economic function.
The city always included a belt of irrigated agricultural land including small hamlets. A network of roads and canals connected the city to this land. The transportation network was organized in three tiers: wide processional streets (Akkadian:sūqu ilāni u šarri), public through streets (Akkadian:sūqu nišī), and private blind alleys (Akkadian:mūṣû). The public streets that defined a block varied little over time while the blind-alleys were much more fluid. The current estimate is 10% of the city area was streets and 90% buildings.[5] The canals; however, were more important than roads for good transportation.
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Mesopotamia existed on the flood plain between two rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris, as the name Mesopotamia, derived from ancient Greek “between two rivers” suggests. Mesopotamia existed from about 5000 BC, believed to be the first evidence of human culture and ends with the rise of Achaemenid Persians around 1500 BC. A diverse, richly cultural civilization grew up over several thousand years and was shaped by many ethnic groups.
The City State
After about 3000 BC, several large cities were built in Mesopotamia. Each city had its own King and own God and was an independent city state. The lack of a centralized government meant there were frequent wars between the states and this may have contributed to the fall of Mesopotamia.
Calendar
The Mesopotamian solar calendar had two seasons, summer and winter. Each New Year began at the first visible lunar crescent, after the vernal equinox. Keen astronomers, the Mesopotamians understood the heliocentric model of planetary motion, knowing that the earth revolves on its own axis, and in turn, revolves around the sun.
Irrigation
Mesopotamia was located on a large flood plain and it built an extensive man-made irrigation system that enabled it to grow a surplus of food. Mesopotamia relied on the annual flooding of the two rivers for fertility but the silt became an obstacle to its irrigation systems, which consisted of hundreds of channels that watered the crops.
Religion
Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic, meaning there were many gods and goddesses, as well as henotheistic, meaning that certain gods are viewed superior to others. In the latter Mesopotamian period, the people began ranking the deities in order of importance. Every god has a priest, temple and a traditional ritual and there were hundreds of temples scattered throughout each city.
Division of Labor and Social Class
Mesopotamian social strata had three main classes; government officials, nobles and priests were at the top; second was a class comprised of merchants, artisans, craftsmen and farmers; on the bottom were the prisoners of war and slaves. Commoners were considered free citizens and were protected by the law.
Art
Mesopotamian artifacts reflected the lifestyle, customs and beliefs of the people and were usually made from stone, shells, alabaster and marble. The Mesopotamian civilization comprises of Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian cultural influences and the art reflects this.
Architecture
Mesopotamian palaces were highly decorated and contained solid ivory furniture. Palaces served as socioeconomic institutions and in later times were used as storehouses, workshops and shrines. Everyone in Mesopotamia lived in a house; smaller ones for the poorer people and larger two- story houses for the more wealthy. Houses were built from mud bricks, plaster and wood.
References
Ancient Mesopotamians.com: Ancient Mesopotamians History, Timeline, Inventions and Life
Google Books; "Mesopotamia"; Sunita Apte; 2005
Photo Credits
Photos.com/Photos.com/Getty Images
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