In 1842, a ship struck an iceberg and more than 30 survivors were crowded into a lifeboat
intended to hold 7. As a storm threatened, it became obvious that the lifeboat would have to
be lightened if anyone were to survive. The captain reasoned that the right thing to do in this
situation was to force some individuals to go over the side and drown. Such an action, he
reasoned, was not unjust to those thrown overboard, for they would have drowned anyway.
If he did nothing, however, he would be responsible for the deaths of those whom he could
have saved. Some people opposed the captain's decision. They claimed that if nothing were
done and everyone died as a result, no one would be responsible for these deaths. On the
other hand, if the captain attempted to save some, he could do so only by killing others and
their deaths would be his responsibility; this would be worse than doing nothing and letting
all die. The captain rejected this reasoning. Since the only possibility for rescue required great
efforts of rowing, the captain decided that the weakest would have to be sacrificed. In this
situation it would be absurd, he thought, to decide by drawing lots who should be thrown
overboard. As it turned out, after days of hard rowing, the survivors were rescued and the
captain was tried for his action.
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