Question

in plants?
in plants,
b) Explain what will happen to a plant cell if it is kept in a solution having
higher water potential.
9. How is the mycorrhizal association helpful in absorption of water and minerals
10. What role does root pressure play in water movement in plants?
11. Describe transpiration pull model of water transport in plants. What are the
factors influencing transpiration? How is it useful to plants?
12. Discuss the factors responsible for ascent of xylem sap in plants.
13. What essential role does the root endodermis play during mineral absorption in
plants?
14. Explain why xylem transport is unidirectional and phloem transport
bi-directional.
15. Explain pressure flow hypothesis of translocation of sugars in plants.
16. What causes the opening and closing of guard cells of stomata during
transpiration?​

Answer 1

Explanation:

Question 1: What are the factors affecting the rate of diffusion?

Answer: Factors affecting diffusion are; Concentration gradient, Permeability of membrane; separating the substance, Temperature and Pressure.

Question 2: What are porins? What role do they play in diffusion?

Answer: Carrier proteins form porin channels in the outer membranes of plastids, mitochondria and some bacteria. The porin channels allow the molecules up to the size of small proteins to pass through molecule bound to the transport

Question 3: Describe the role played by protein pumps during active transport in plants.

Answer: Energy pumps are used against a concentrations gradient; in case of active transport. Active transport is carried out by membrane proteins. Pumps are proteins which use energy to carry substances across the cell membrane. The rate of transport reaches the maximum when all the protein transporters are being used or are saturated.

Question 4: Explain why pure water has the maximum water potential.

Answer: Water molecules possess kinetic energy. A system with higher concentration of water has a higher kinetic energy or water potential (Ψw). Hence, pure water has the highest water potential.

Question 5: Differentiate between the following:

(a)Diffusion and Osmosis

Answer: Osmosis is a type of diffusion. When diffusion happens across a semi-permeable membrane, it is called osmosis. Semi-permeable membrane is not necessary in all cases of diffusion.

(b)Transpiration and Evaporation

Answer: Evaporative loss of water from plants is called transpiration, while conversion of water into vapour at any temperature is called evaporation.

(c) Osmotic Pressure and Osmotic Potential

Answer: The pressure which needs to be applied to prevent the inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane. In other words, the minimum pressure needed to negate the osmosis is called osmotic pressure. On the other hand, the ability of a solution to suck in water from across a semi-permeable membrane is called osmotic pot

(d) Imbibition and Diffusion

Answer: Random movement of molecules to attain concentration equilibrium is called diffusion. When osmosis happens in a way that solids (colloids) take up water, it is called imbibition.

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Answer 2

Explanation:

b.When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution or a solution having higher water potential, the water diffuses into the cell (i.e., the movement is observed from higher to lower water pressure region). The entry of water into the plant cell exerts pressure on the rigid cell wall. This is called turgor pressure.

9.Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of fungi with the root systems of some plants. The fungal hyphae either form a dense network around the young roots or they penetrate the cells of the roots. The large surface area of the fungal hyphae is helpful in increasing the absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

10.Root pressure, in plants, force that helps to drive fluids upward into the water-conducting vessels (xylem). It is primarily generated by osmotic pressure in the cells of the roots and can be demonstrated by exudation of fluid when the stem is cut off just aboveground.

11.It is useful to plants in many ways as it helps in an ascent of xylem sap which makes water available for all parts of the plants. This also causes absorption of water and minerals from the soil and it supplies to other parts. This water is then used for photosynthesis as well as used by the plant for cooling itself.

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