History, asked by pragyaverma5590, 1 month ago

In the earliest cities the western part was dash and eastern part was dash​

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Answered by 440726
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Answer:Very often, old buildings have a story to tell. Nearly

a hundred and fifty years ago, when railway lines

were being laid down for the first time in the

Punjab, engineers stumbled upon the site of

Harappa in present-day Pakistan. To them, it

seemed like a mound that was a rich source of

ready made, high quality bricks. So they carried

off thousands of bricks from the walls of the old

buildings of the city to build railway lines. Many

buildings were completely destroyed.

Then, about eighty years ago, archaeologists

found the site, and realised that this was one of

the oldest cities in the subcontinent. As this was

the first city to be discovered, all other sites from

where similar buildings (and other things) were

found were described as Harappan. These cities

developed about 4700 years ago.

Very often, old buildings are pulled down to

make way for new construction. Do you think it

is important to preserve old buildings?

CHAPTER 3

IN THE EARLIEST CITIES

2021-22

25 n

What was special about these cities?

Many of these cities were divided into two or more

parts. Usually, the part to the west was smaller

but higher. Archaeologists describe this as the

citadel. Generally, the part to the east was larger

but lower. This is called the lower town. Very often

walls of baked brick were built around each part.

The bricks were so well baked that they have

lasted for thousands of years. The bricks were

laid in an interlocking pattern and that made the

walls strong.

In some cities, special

buildings were constructed

on the citadel. For example,

in Mohenjodaro, a very

special tank, which

archaeologists call the Great

Bath, was built in this area.

This was lined with bricks,

coated with plaster, and

made water-tight with a layer

of natural tar. There were

steps leading down to it from

two sides, while there were

rooms on all sides. Water was

probably brought in from a

well, and drained out after

use. Perhaps important

people took a dip in this tank

on special occasions.

Other cities, such as

Kalibangan and Lothal had

fire altars, where sacrifices

may have been performed.

And some cities like

Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and

Lothal had elaborate store

houses.

These cities were found in

the Punjab and Sind in

Pakistan, and in Gujarat,

Rajasthan, Haryana and

the Punjab in India.

Archaeologists have found

a set of unique objects in

almost all these cities: red

pottery painted with

designs in black, stone

weights, seals, special

beads, copper tools, and

paralleled sided long stone

blades.

MAP : 3

The Earliest Cities

in the Subcontinent

2021-22

n 26

OUR PASTS–I

Houses, drHouses, dr Houses, drains and streets

Generally, houses were either one or two storeys

high, with rooms built around a courtyard. Most

houses had a separate bathing area, and some

had wells to supply water.

Many of these cities had covered drains. Notice

how carefully these were laid out,

in straight lines. Although you

cannot see it, each drain had a

gentle slope so that water could flow

through it. Very often, drains in

houses were connected to those on

the streets and smaller drains led

into bigger ones. As the drains were

covered, inspection holes were

provided at intervals to clean them.

All three — houses, drains and

streets — were probably planned

and built at the same time.

List at least two differences

between the houses described here

and those that you studied about

in Chapter 2.

The Great Bath

How bricks were

arranged to build walls

in Harappan cities

2021-22

27 n

Life in the city

A Harappan city was a very busy place.

There were people who planned the

construction of special buildings in the city.

These were probably the rulers. It is likely

that the rulers sent people to distant lands

to get metal, precious stones, and other

things that they wanted. They may have

kept the most valuable objects, such as

ornaments of gold and silver, or beautiful

beads, for themselves. And there were

scribes, people who knew how to write, who

helped prepare the seals, and perhaps

wrote on other materials that have not

survived.

Besides, there were men and women,

crafts persons, making all kinds of things

— either in their own homes, or in special

workshops. People were travelling to

distant lands or returning with raw

materials and, perhaps, stories. Many

terracotta toys have been found and

children must have played with these.

Make a list of the people who lived in the city.

Were any of these people listen

Explanation:

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