In what way does education facilitate social mobility? Explain.
Answers
1. Introduction
A society is constituted by the people who are dynamic (
over –changing) in nature. From the primitive uncivilized
form it has evolved in to modern civilized and cultured
society. This proves beyond doubt the dynamic ( ever-
changing) nature of the society in which social mobility has
played a dominant role since time immoral. The social
position, status and economic conditions of people change
from time to time. In many cases social status and economic
standard of person changes due to hard work or lighter
education or purely due to superior intellect. Better
education and better service also help in change of the
socially disadvantaged groups like women and the people
belonging to scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes or backward
classes. Lack of better education and will to do hard work
have made rich people poor, thereby lowering the standard
of living. Such type of changes which are observed in the
social status, class, economic condition and standard of life
of a person are spoken of as Social Mobility.
1. According to P.A. Sorokin: “ By social mobility is
meant any transition of anl individual from one position
to another in a constellation of social group and strata.”
2. According to S. Bogardus: “ Social mobility is any
change in social position, such as occupational changes
where persons move up or down the occupational scale,
or relation to office whereby a follower becomes a
leader, or a leap from a low economic class to a high one,
or vice-versa.”
In the above definitions the nature of social Mobility has
been dearly explained ldin relation to occupation, income
organizational membership etc. Individuals with high
aspirations tries to improve his social status and moves
upward.
2. Types of Social Mobility
In accordance with the direction of movement of the people
in the society, Social mobiulity can be categorized into two
types.
1. Horizontal Social Mobility
2. Vertical Social Mobility.
Horizontal Social Mobility
When the movement of a person occurs from one situation
to another at the same level i.e. within the single stratum, the
process lis called horizontal social mobility . In other words,
in this type of mobility, there is no change in the social
status of the individual but there is a change in his
affiliations. For example, when a Principal of Secondary
School at palm joins at the same post in a Secondary School
at South Ex. In this example the status and role of the person
working as a Principal remains the same but there is a
change in the place of work which brings about change in
this affiliations, thus he shows horizontal social mobility.
Vertical Social Mobility
Sorokin says, “ By vertical mobility. I mean the relations
involved in a transition of An individual ( or social object)
from one social stratum to another”. The movement of a
person from one stratum of the society is referred as Vertical
Social Mobility i.e. , in Vertical Social Mobility there is a
change in the status of the individual . The individual attains
high education and becomes rich, He moves upward in the
social hierarchy. For example, when a teacher becomes a
lecturer in a college is said to have moved vertically in the
types :Upward Social Mobility ( Ascending Mobility) and
Downward Social Mobility (Descending mobility)
Upward Social Mobility
It refers to the movement from lower to higher occurs from
position. Ascending mobility means the entry of i.e., within
persons from lower strata and prestige to higher status and
prestige groups. For example, if a person is born in a family
of a sweeper and after acquiring must learn the cultural
behaviors of officers. This requires the individual trying for
upward social mobility to learn the following.
(i) Ability to behave and work according to upper class
people.
(ii) Language, style and their dress pattern.
(iii) He must live in that area of city where upper class
people live.
(iv) He must also develop the ability to participate in social
functions organized by them.
Another examples of upward social mobility are promotion
of a lecturer to readership and promotion of a minister of
state to minister of cabinet rank etc.
Downward Social Mobility
Downward or Descending mobility means going down of a
person from higher position prestige and status to lower
ones. It may occur due to political changes, Economic difference etc
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→ Some of these include inadequate reach of basic healthcare services, shortage of medical personnel, quality assurance, inadequate outlay for health and most importantly insufficient impetus to research. Since the magnitude of these challenges is significant, these cannot be resolved by the government alone.
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