In what ways change can be made in the federal constitution a)change can be unilateral b)change requires the consent of both the levels of the government
c)changes can be through judiciary d)changes require only consent of the people.
Answers
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Explanation:A constitution is the supreme law of a country. In contrast to ordinary legislation, a constitution
embodies the fundamental choices made by a country and its people that establish the basis for
political and social life. Constitutions establish the system of government, distribute and constrain
power, protect the rights of citizens and deal with various additional issues of identity or substantive
policy that are considered foundational in the specific context of a particular country.
However, while intended to be both foundational and enduring, constitutions are not intended to be
immutable; if they are to endure, they must be able to respond to changing needs and circumstances.
Motivations for changing the written text of a constitution differ. Some amendments are made for
the public interest, for example: (i) to adjust the constitution to the environment within which the
political system operates (including economics, technology, international relations, demographics,
changes in the values of the population etc.); (ii) to correct provisions that have proved inadequate
over time and (iii) to further improve constitutional rights or to strengthen democratic institutions.
On the other hand, changes to a constitution may be motivated by selfish or partisan goals. Since a
constitution sets the rules of the ‘political game’, those in power may be tempted to change the rules
to extend their tenure in power, to secure their position, to marginalize the opposition or minorities,
or to limit civil and political rights. Such changes may weaken, or even undermine, democracy.
Similarly, constitutions have to be responsive to social change and to changes over time in social
mores and values, but they need to be protected against short-term changes or changes hastily approved without due reflection and consideration.
The challenge, then, is to design an amendment process that allows a constitution to be changed
for the public good, when necessary, when supported by a sufficient consensus, and after careful
deliberation, but that prevents it from being changed for self-interested, partisan, destructive or
short-term motives.
An additional challenge, in federal states and in composite societies (those in which two or more
distinctly recognised national, ethnic or linguistic communities co-exist), is to design an amendment
formula that enables states or communities to protect their rights and to have continuing control
over the compact between them.
Answer:
Option (b) change requires the consent of both the levels of the government
Explanation:
Federal constitution ensures provincial autonomy and specific jurisdiction to the different levels.