in which of the following molecule N atom adopts sp hybrid state (a) NH3 (b) H2N-NH2 (c) HCN (d)N2O4
Answers
In NH3 (ammonia)
It's sp3 as NITROGEN has three bond pairs and one lone pair!
It has tetrahedral geometry and triangular pyramidal shape!
In H2N-NH2 (hydrazine)
It's sp3 as each NITROGEN has three bond pairs (2 with hydrogen + 1 with other nitrogen) and one lone pair!
It has tetrahedral geometry and triangular pyramidal shape!
In HCN,
It's sp as NITROGEN has formed triple bond with Carbon and we know according to valence bond theory in the chapter chemical bonding every multiple bond between two atoms is treated as single bond, so NITROGEN has one bond pair and one lone pair!
It has linear geometry!
In N2O4 ( di nitrogen tetra oxide)
It
It's sp2 as each NITROGEN is bonded with two oxygen atoms (with one oxygen it has formed double bond, with other oxygen it has formed single bond) and with another nitrogen by a single bond
So, it has 3 bond pairs (as double bond with oxygen is treated as single bond) and zero lone pair!
It has triangular planar geometry and shape
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In following molecule N atom adopts sp hybrid state (a) NH3 (b) H2N-NH2 (c) HCN (d)N2O4: HCN
Explanation:
Hybridisation
We know orbitals of last shell overlap with each other. The overlapping is of two types:
• Head to head(sigma bond)
• Sidewise(pi bond)
• Overlapping of orbitals takes place between which has same energy. If in case, the orbitals have different energy they can’t overlap.
"Hybridization is the intermixing of orbitals of slightly different energies, so as to redistribute their energy and give rise to new set of orbitals that are similar in shapes and energy. "
Characteristics
• Number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of atomic orbitals that combine.
• The hybrid orbitals are always equal in shape and energy.
• The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming bonds as compared to pure atomic orbitals.
• The hybrid orbitals are directed towards specific directions in space.
• The type of hybridization gives us the shape of molecule
Now there is a question that can all participate in hybridization
Conditions of Hybridization
• The only valence orbitals participate.
• The atomic orbitals that participate should have almost same energy.
• Promotion is not always necessary.
• The unpaired as well as fully filled orbitals can also participate.
Types of hybridization
1. sp hybridization: In this one s and one p orbital combines.
The shape of sp is linear .
2. In sp² - In this 1 S and 2 P participates .
The shape of it is trigonal planar .
2. sp³ - In this (1s + 3p) participation take place
The shape of it is tetrahedral .