in which session the vessels of angiosperm are layer I size, why?
Answers
Vascular tissue is organized into discrete strands called vascular bundles, each containing xylem and phloem. In stems, the vascular tissue is organized into many discrete vascular bundles. In the roots, the vascular tissue is organized within a single central vascular cylinder. The anatomy of roots and stems is discussed in their respective sections below.
The xylem conducts water and minerals within the primary plant body, and the phloem conducts food. The xylem cells are arranged end to end to form a longitudinal continuum throughout the plant. The phloem cells form a similar continuum. Thus, water enters the xylem cells in the roots and travels to the leaves via the stems, and photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) enter the phloem cells in the leaves and are translocated to the roots via the stems. Storage parenchyma and fibres are generally present, and sclereids rarely are.
Primary xylem (Figure 6) consists of lignified tracheary elements (tracheids and vessel elements), which are dead at maturity (they have lost their protoplasts). Parenchyma cells also are interspersed throughout the tissue. Both tracheids and vessel elements are long hollow cells with tapered end walls. The end walls of adjacent tracheids contain paired small, rimmed, nonperforated pores, called bordered pits; water diffuses through a shared central membrane. The side walls have five patterns of thickening, which are believed to represent a developmental sequence from the initial xylem (protoxylem) to the final mature xylem (metaxylem): annular (a series of rings), helical (a long continuous spiral), reticular (a network), scalariform (a series of elongated bordered slits), and circular bordered pitting. Individual species may omit some of these patterns.
vascular cells
Figure 6: Cells of the xylem and phloem.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Vessel elements differ from tracheids in that the end walls are modified into perforation plates, an area or areas in which there is no shared wall material or membrane. Vessel elements join to form continuous vessels. The perforations are much larger than those of the bordered pits of tracheids and are of four types: scalariform (slitlike), foraminate (circular), reticulate (a network), or simple (single). The bordered pitting of the side walls of vessel members is either scalariform or circular (generally scalariform bordered pitting is associated with scalariform, foraminate, or reticulate perforation plates). Vessel elements are found in the late metaxylem (the final, or most developed, form of the primary xylem).
The most common type of perforation plates in the angiosperms are scalariform and simple; the other types are rare. The putatively primitive angiosperms are without vessels and evolved from a condition in which only tracheids were present to one in which a series of long vessel elements had scalariform lateral walls and highly inclined end walls with many scalariform perforations, to short vessel elements with circular bordered pits in lateral walls and simple perforation plates in horizontal end walls.
This series of specializations has increased the efficiency with which water moves through the vessels: from the more generalized method of water diffusion through pit membranes of narrow tracheids to mass movement of water through the perforated end walls of relatively narrow scalariform vessels and then to relatively wide simple vessels with large single perforated end walls. This simple form is a rather streamlined system that facilitates the maximum movement of water in terms of amount and speed with the minimum amount of resistance, allowing for greater efficiency and effective water transport.