In which way the emf of galvanic cell can be calculated
Answers
Using a voltmeter to measure the electrical potential difference (commonly called voltage) between two electrodes provides a quantitative indication of just how spontaneous a redox reaction is. The potential difference is measured in volts (V), an SI unit which corresponds to one joule per ampere-second (1V = 1 J A–1 s–1). The voltage indicates the tendency for current to flow in the external circuit, that is, it shows how strongly the anode reaction can push electrons into the circuit and how strongly the cathode reaction can pull them out. The potential difference is greatest when a large electrical resistance in the external circuit prevents any current from flowing. The maximum potential difference which can be measured for a given cell is called the electromotive force, abbreviated emf and represented by the symbol E.
Using a voltmeter to measure the electrical potential difference (commonly called voltage) between two electrodes provides a quantitative indication of just how spontaneous a redox reaction is. The potential difference is measured in volts (V), an SI unit which corresponds to one joule per ampere-second (1V = 1 J A–1 s–1). The voltage indicates the tendency for current to flow in the external circuit, that is, it shows how strongly the anode reaction can push electrons into the circuit and how strongly the cathode reaction can pull them out. The potential difference is greatest when a large electrical resistance in the external circuit prevents any current from flowing. The maximum potential difference which can be measured for a given cell is called the electromotive force, abbreviated emf and represented by the symbol E.By convention, when a cell is written in shorthand notation, its emf is given a positive value if the cell reaction is spontaneous. That is, if the electrode on the left forces electrons into the external circuit and the electrode on the right withdraws them, then the dial on the voltmeter gives the cell emf. On the other hand, if the half-cell on the right side of the shorthand cell notation is releasing electrons, making the right-hand terminal of the voltmeter negative, the cell emf is minus the reading of the meter. This corresponds to a nonspontaneous cell reaction, written in the conventional way.
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